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Pacific Coral Reefs Face Climate Crisis: New 2025 Report Reveals Urgent Need for Global Action

A groundbreaking new assessment of Pacific coral reefs has sounded the alarm for one of Earth’s most critical ecosystems. The comprehensive report, released by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), at the Third United Nations Ocean Conference in Nice, presents a complex picture of resilience under mounting pressure.

The Scale of Pacific Coral Reefs

The Pacific Ocean harbors an extraordinary 26% of the world’s coral reefs, spanning 65,255 km² across 30 countries and territories. These underwater ecosystems represent far more than biodiversity hotspots, they are the lifeblood of Pacific societies, sustaining fisheries, protecting coastlines, and anchoring cultural identity.

“In many Pacific communities, coral reefs are not just ecosystems but kin, ancestors, and sacred spaces,” the report emphasizes. “Their survival is inseparable from the survival of Pacific ways of life.”

Remarkable Resilience Amid Growing Threats

Drawing from an unprecedented dataset of more than 15,000 surveys from over 8,000 sites between 1987 and 2023, and the expertise of over 100 co-authors and regional experts, the Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific: 1980–2023 reveals a story of remarkable resilience.

Unlike many reef systems globally that have experienced dramatic declines, the Pacific’s average hard coral cover remained relatively stable at 25.5% from 1990 to 2022. This resilience stems from the region’s vast geography, high ecological diversity, and relatively low human population density.

However, this stability masks concerning underlying changes:

Climate Change Impacts

  • Bleaching Events: Coral cover declined by 2.4% during the 1998 bleaching event and 3.7% during the 2014–2017 events, with recovery taking up to six years
  • Rising Temperatures: Sea surface temperatures over coral reef areas rose by +0.82°C between 1985 and 2022
  • Marine Heatwaves: Projected increases in frequency, intensity, and duration of marine heatwaves threaten future coral survival

Ecosystem Changes

  • Species Composition Shifts: Coral communities are transitioning away from complex branching species to more massive forms, reducing the three-dimensional habitat that supports biodiversity
  • Macroalgae Increase: Competing macroalgae has increased by 2.7% across the region
  • Cyclone Impacts: From 1980 to 2023, 945 cyclones passed within 100 km of reefs, with increased intensity expected due to climate change

Human Pressures

Human populations near reefs have grown by 28.7% since 2000, increasing local pressures including pollution and overfishing, factors that compound climate-related stresses.

The Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event

Critically, the report’s findings predate the ongoing Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event; the most widespread and intense ever recorded. This event has affected 84% of the world’s coral areas and continues to impact reefs worldwide.

“If 2023–2024 data were included, we would likely have observed a decline in coral cover in the Pacific,” the report warns. “Without bold and transformative international progress to curb climate change, the reefs of the Pacific face an uncertain future.”

Voices from the Pacific

The report includes powerful testimony from Pacific leaders:

Taivini Teai, Minister of Agriculture, Marine Resources and the Environment of French Polynesia, stated: “This report confirms what Polynesians have been observing for years: our reefs are in danger. It reinforces our conviction that the protection of coral must be a top priority, from land to sea, by combining scientific and ancestral knowledge, political decisions and local and regional actions.”

Sefanaia Nawadra, Director General of the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), emphasized: “We can only survive as the Pacific Islands Region if our coral reef ecosystems continue to protect and provide, as they have for generations. This report is not just science, it is our signal to the world that Pacific reefs are still fighting, and so must we.”

The Path Forward: Eight Key Policy Actions

The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) has outlined Eight Key Policy Asks for coral reef protection:

  1. Improving water quality
  2. Supporting sustainable reef fisheries
  3. Centering Indigenous knowledge in reef governance
  4. Scaling finance for reef protection
  5. Addressing the Triple-Planetary Crisis
  6. Strengthening monitoring systems
  7. Building management capacity
  8. Promoting international cooperation

Pacific nations are already pioneering many of these approaches but require greater international financial support to scale their efforts effectively.

Scientific Collaboration and Monitoring

Dr. Serge Planes, CNRS Research Director and Co-editor of the GCRMN Pacific Report, noted: “This report stands as a major reference for coral reefs in the Pacific region. It highlights the unique resilience of its coral reefs, while underscoring the urgent need for coordinated, sustained, and well-resourced action in the face of mounting pressures.”

The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, established in 1995, as an operational network of ICRI, operates through 10 regional nodes and collaborates with national governments, regional organizations, scientists, and local communities. Hosted by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), GCRMN has produced six global reports and numerous regional assessments, with the most recent global assessment being the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020.

Regional Scope and Importance

The Pacific region encompasses diverse nations and territories, including American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and many others.

These coral reefs provide 25-100% of dietary protein for Pacific communities and represent an integral part of Pacific culture. The region’s approximately 3,000 islands support nearly 27% of the global coral reef area, making their protection crucial for both local and global biodiversity.

A Call for Global Action

Dr. Stacy Jupiter, Executive Director of the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Global Marine Program, concluded: “Alarming increases in sea surface temperatures across many places in the Pacific indicate that safeguarding coral reef ecosystems is more urgent than ever, though ICRI’s report offers hope in that many Pacific countries and territories have robust coral cover above thresholds for critical ecosystem function.”

The full report is available at the GCRMN Pacific website, providing detailed scientific data and recommendations for policymakers, conservationists, and communities working to protect these vital ecosystems.

As the world faces an unprecedented coral bleaching crisis, the Pacific’s story offers both hope and urgency—demonstrating that with proper protection and international cooperation, coral reefs can maintain resilience even in the face of climate change, but only if we act now.


Report Citation: Wicquart J., Towle E. K., Dallison T., Staub F., and Planes S. (eds.), 2025. Status and Trends of Coral Reefs of the Pacific: 1980-2023. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). doi.org/10.59387/WIUJ2936

For more information:


About the Organizations

The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN):

The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) is the primary operational monitoring network of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). Established in 1995, GCRMN provides scientifically robust, long-term data on the status and trends of the world’s coral reefs to inform policy, strengthen management, and support conservation. Hosted by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), the GCRMN operates through 10 regional nodes, collaborating with national governments, regional organisations, scientists, and local communities. The network plays a central role in tracking progress towards global biodiversity and sustainable development targets by promoting standardised monitoring, building technical capacity, and ensuring that coral reef data are accessible, inclusive, and policy-relevant.

To date, the GCRMN has produced 6 global reports, and numerous regional and thematic reports, with the most recent global assessment released in 2021 – the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020.

The GCRMN Pacific Region
Countries & territories included

Pacific islands and archipelagos include sovereign states as well as associated states or territories of continental countries: American Samoa (USA), Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas (USA), Cook Islands, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia (France), Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (USA), Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia (France), Niue, Republic of Palau, Pitcairn (UK), Pacific Remote Island Area (USA), Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau (NZ), Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Wallis & Futuna (France).

Importance of coral reefs
The Pacific region is the second largest GCRMN region in terms of coral reef extent and is unique in that the coral reefs occur mainly around oceanic islands. It includes around 3,000 islands and supports almost 27% (about 65,255 km2) of the total global area of coral reefs. Spread across such a large area, these reefs vary considerably in terms of proximity to continents, reef structure, and biodiversity, as well as the frequency and intensity of natural disturbances. Coral reefs are an integral part of Pacific culture and provide a significant amount of dietary protein (25-100%).

Governance
For the Pacific region, the data integration process is ensured by Jérémy Wicquart. During the production of a report, the analyses and drafts produced by the editors are submitted to a review by the data owners supervised by the node manager (Serge Planes).


The International Coral Reef Initiative

The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is a global partnership between Nations and organizations that strives to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world. ICRI’s actions are pivotal in highlighting the global importance of coral reefs and related ecosystems to environmental sustainability, food security and social and cultural wellbeing. The work of ICRI is regularly recognised for its important cooperation, collaboration, and advocacy role within the international arena.

The Initiative was founded in 1994 by Australia, France, Japan, Jamaica, the Philippines, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and has since grown to a network of 102 members, including 45 countries who represent over 75% of the world’s coral reefs.

ICRI continues to advocate for the protection, effective management, restoration and sustainable use of coral reefs and associated ecosystems, promoting effective and adaptable real-world solutions to the coral reef crisis. ICRI’s actions are driven through its members, Ad Hoc Committees, and its operational network: the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN).

ICRI is currently chaired by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, represented by the General Organization for Conservation of Coral Reefs and Turtles in the Red Sea (SHAMS). ICRI works to incorporate science into action, strengthen leadership and emerging technologies, and promote collaboration and communication among stakeholders. Activities will reach to Indigenous Peoples, local communities and youth, ensuring their knowledge and intrinsic values of coral reefs are appropriately reflected alongside augmenting new technologies to support coral reef monitoring. The capacity of managers to respond to climate change impacts will be built with opportunities taken to raise the plight of coral reefs amongst the international community, securing their protection and recovery. 

 

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Issue 132 - May 2026

SeaKeepers Welcomes Dr. Mark Luther as First Scientist Chairman, Marking a New Era for Ocean Research

The International SeaKeepers Society marks a historic milestone, appointing Dr. Mark Luther of the University of South Florida as its first scientist Chairman, succeeding Jay Wade and signaling a deeper scientific chapter for the yachting-led conservation organization.

Jay Wade and Dr. Mark Luther of The International SeaKeepers Society
Outgoing Chairman Jay Wade with incoming Scientist Chairman Dr. Mark Luther. Photo: SeaKeepers.

April 10, 2026. The Board of Directors of The International SeaKeepers Society has announced a leadership transition, extending its deepest gratitude to outgoing Chairman Jay Wade and welcoming Dr. Mark Luther as the organization’s first scientist Chairman, a historic milestone for the ocean conservation NGO.

During his tenure, Jay Wade provided steady, thoughtful leadership, guiding the organization through a period of growth while remaining anchored in SeaKeepers’ mission to advance oceanographic research, conservation, and marine education. A passionate advocate for the yachting and boating community, Wade championed a vision of transforming private vessels into platforms for scientific discovery, expanding the organization’s global reach and strengthening its role as a bridge between ocean science and the maritime industry.

A first scientist Chairman for SeaKeepers

Dr. Mark Luther brings decades of expertise in physical oceanography and maritime systems, alongside a lifelong connection to the water. He earned his Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and currently serves as Professor and Director of the Center for Maritime and Port Studies at the University of South Florida’s College of Marine Science.

With over 30 years of experience supporting oceanographic observation systems, including longstanding work with NOAA’s Tampa Bay Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System, Dr. Luther has been at the forefront of integrating science with real-world maritime operations. His leadership extends across key regional and federal committees, where he collaborates closely with the U.S. Coast Guard, port authorities, and maritime stakeholders to address environmental challenges tied to marine transportation.

A dedicated member of the SeaKeepers community, Dr. Luther has served as Chair of the organization’s Scientific Advisory Council, helping to guide and elevate its scientific initiatives. He is also an avid boater and U.S. Coast Guard-licensed captain, having spent more than four decades navigating the waters of Tampa Bay and Florida’s west coast.

“With years of dedicated service to SeaKeepers, Mark brings a deep understanding of our mission to this role. It is exciting to see him step into the position of Chairman and help guide the organization forward.”

Jay Wade, outgoing Chairman, The International SeaKeepers Society

Dr. Luther’s appointment signals an exciting new chapter for SeaKeepers, one that deepens the organization’s scientific leadership while continuing to engage the global fleet in meaningful ocean research, education, and conservation.


About The International SeaKeepers Society. The International SeaKeepers Society works with the yachting community to take part in research, conservation, and educational efforts that advance the health of the ocean. Learn more at seakeepers.org or @seakeepers on social.

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Issue 132 - May 2026

Falmouth Harbour Trials the World’s First All-Concrete Pontoon Float to Replace EPS in Marinas

Falmouth Harbour is trialling the world’s first all-concrete marina pontoon, designed by Cornwall-based ScaffFloat, as a recyclable alternative to Expanded Polystyrene floats and a step toward cutting marine microplastic pollution.

Falmouth, Cornwall, UK. Falmouth Harbour is trialling the world’s first all-concrete marina pontoon float, designed and built by the team at ScaffFloat in neighbouring Penryn, in a first step to removing all Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) floats from its leisure and commercial operations.

The Harbour has pledged to move away from EPS products in the light of mounting evidence that polystyrene microplastics in the world’s oceans inflict serious damage on the marine environment and life within it. Polystyrene, globally used for its lightness and buoyancy, is made from fossil fuels, is virtually un-decomposable, and when it breaks down into microplastics can be ingested by marine life with devastating consequences.

“The amount of broken-up polystyrene around our creeks and rivers, particularly after this year’s storms, is awful to see and very hard to clean up without damaging the delicate ecology of our shorelines. Expanded Polystyrene fragments in the marine environment pose a serious ecological concern, as seabirds, fish, turtles and other fauna mistake EPS beads for food, which can cause internal injuries or death; entering the food chain poses health risks to humans as well.”

Vicki Spooner, Environment Manager, Falmouth Harbour

Inside the Reef Float: an inert, recyclable alternative to EPS

Penryn marine company ScaffFloat Ltd has tackled the challenge of finding alternatives to traditional pontoons by inventing the “Reef Float.” Their first commercial prototype, made entirely from concrete, has been undergoing trials beneath a Falmouth Harbour pontoon. ScaffFloat developed the new product as part of a business development project that received £284,787 from the UK Government through the UK Shared Prosperity Fund as part of Cornwall’s Good Growth Programme.

The Reef Float’s buoyant core is made using ultra-low-density waterproof concrete, instead of EPS foam, and the core is then cast inside a high-strength engineered concrete skin. In the highly unlikely event that a Reef Float ever failed, the materials would simply sit inertly as stone in the marine environment, whereas a cracked-open EPS float exposes its polystyrene foam core to the marine elements.

“We replaced a failing EPS pontoon float at Falmouth Harbour with a Reef Float, where it survived all that this January’s storms could throw at it. It’s what we would expect, of course, as we’ve designed it to be strong with an ultra-long life. But it’s also completely inert in the marine environment and 100 percent recyclable, so a game-changing alternative to the EPS floats currently used all over the world.”

Toby Budd, Founder and Managing Director, ScaffFloat

Local innovation, global stage

Local MP Jayne Kirkham, checking out the new Reef Float in Falmouth, called it “exactly the kind of innovation we want to see in Cornwall: local businesses developing practical but cutting-edge solutions to global environmental challenges. Cutting polystyrene pollution from our waters while creating skilled jobs is a win for our marine environment and our economy. I’m proud to see government funding helping projects like this lead the way.”

“Falmouth Harbour has made the conscious decision to move away from EPS foam pontoons in all our operations, and it’s fantastic that our neighbours at ScaffFloat are the first company to offer a plastic-free alternative. Reef Floats are easily installed, in situ, on a rolling basis, as and when we need to replace old EPS floats, and they have a zero-cost, 100 percent recyclable end-of-life disposal. It’s another tremendous example of Cornish ingenuity, and we look forward to working with them into the future.”

Miles Carden, CEO, Falmouth Harbour

The Reef Float team has been shortlisted for the Innovation Award at Marina26 in Australia this May, with an invitation to attend and present at the biggest marina conference in the world, demonstrating what a major issue EPS has become for the marina industry and legislative authorities alike.

Australia itself lost more than 1,000 pontoons in the 2022 Queensland floods, where they broke up and created an environmental disaster known as the “White Spill,” with the ocean and beaches covered with EPS balls that were almost impossible to clear up.


Learn more. For more information on Reef Float and parent company ScaffFloat, visit scafffloat.co.uk/reeffloat. For more on Falmouth Harbour, including its wide-ranging environmental initiatives, see falmouthharbour.co.uk.

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Conservation Photography

Little Cayman Hope Spot Shows Early Signs of Reef Recovery After the World’s Most Extreme Coral Bleaching Event

CCMI’s 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card shows Little Cayman’s coral cover edging back to 13.4 percent, an early but unmistakable sign that the island’s reefs are beginning to recover from the world’s most extreme coral bleaching event.

Little Cayman, Cayman Islands. Marking Earth Day 2026, the Central Caribbean Marine Institute (CCMI) released its 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card, revealing early signs of recovery and renewed hope for Little Cayman’s reefs after the most extreme coral bleaching event on record in 2023.

The summer of 2023 was the hottest ever measured, and it brought with it one of the most extensive global coral bleaching events in modern history, decimating reefs from the Caribbean to the Indo-Pacific and casting their future in doubt. CCMI’s Healthy Reefs campaign has tracked Little Cayman’s reefs since 1998, and the 2024 surveys delivered the bleakest numbers in the program’s history: coral cover had collapsed to 9.8 percent, down from 26 percent before the marine heatwave.

This year’s data tells a different story. The 2025 surveys, summarized in the new Report Card, show coral cover edging back up to 13.4 percent. The shift is not yet statistically significant, but the direction is unmistakable: recovery in Little Cayman has begun.

A site-by-site picture

Zoom in from the island-wide average and the recovery looks more layered. Twenty percent of surveyed sites posted a significant increase in coral cover between 2024 and 2025. One site, Coral City, held the line entirely through the bleaching, exhibiting no significant loss. In total, 30 percent of sites have either maintained pre-bleaching coral levels or demonstrated significant recovery this year. The remaining 70 percent show either minor, non-significant recovery or no recovery at all.

Reef recovery is rarely visible on a 12 to 24 month horizon. Corals are slow-growing animals, and even after a disturbance ends, biologists typically expect at least three years before measurable rebound, and a minimum of seven years (sometimes nearly thirty) for a reef to return to pre-bleaching baselines. Against that timeline, what CCMI is recording in 2025 is striking: the resilience built into Little Cayman, with strong protections and minimal local disturbance, appears to be doing exactly what reef science predicts it should do.

Fish populations holding the line

While coral cover is still climbing back, fish populations have continued to thrive. CCMI has documented consistent increases in fish density since 2016, with a dramatic jump in density and biomass in 2024 that held through 2025. That matters more than it might sound: herbivorous fish keep macro-algae in check, and when algae is left unchecked it can smother corals and block new recruits from settling. A healthy reef-fish community is, in many ways, what makes coral recovery possible at all.

A Hope Spot earning its name

Little Cayman is a Mission Blue Hope Spot, a designation that frames the island as a small-but-mighty example of what marine protection can look like when conservation is prioritized. Under the pressures the ocean is now under, that framing reads less like marketing copy and more like a working hypothesis the reef is steadily proving out.

The island has form here. Little Cayman’s Nassau grouper spawning aggregation rebounded from roughly 1,000 individuals to nearly 9,000 over a decade, one of the most cited recovery stories in the Caribbean. The early coral signal in the 2025 Report Card could become another chapter in that record.

The nursery, and three resilient genotypes

CCMI’s coral nursery was hit hard during the 2023 bleaching, losing close to 90 percent of its stock. Genetic work in the aftermath identified three staghorn coral genotypes that survived nearly 20 degree-heating weeks. Since 2023, those three genotypes have rebuilt the nursery from just 17 fragments to nearly 300 as of March 2026. CCMI’s nursery likely represents one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, in Little Cayman.

Why this matters beyond Little Cayman

Hope Spots like Little Cayman do not just protect their own waters. They function as larval source populations, exporting recruits along ocean currents to less resilient reefs downstream. In a warming ocean where many sites have lost their capacity to bounce back unaided, these pockets of resilience are increasingly the difference between regional collapse and regional recovery.

The 2025 numbers do not erase what 2023 took. Coral cover is still well below pre-heatwave levels, and the recovery is partial, uneven, and fragile. But for the first time since the bleaching, the trendline is pointing in the right direction. As CCMI puts it, research and science-based actions are critical right now to understand the ecological processes driving this resilience and to translate that understanding into management and protection.

Acknowledgments

CCMI thanks this year’s Healthy Reefs sponsors: Wheaton Precious Metals International, Foster’s Supermarket, Cayman Water, and Ugland Properties; and the Restoration program sponsors who made the work possible: The Ernest Kleinwort Charitable Trust, Artex Cayman Islands, Walkers, and Marfire.

Read the full 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card at tinyurl.com/CCMI-25HRR and learn more about the Healthy Reefs campaign at reefresearch.org/our-work/research/healthy-reefs/.


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