Ocean Literacy
Don’t let it be out of sight, out of mind; support and uplift our marine mammal friends
All too often, when important issues and concerns are out of sight, they unfortunately can also become out of mind. For example, when was the last time you thought about threats to our oceans and the marine wildlife that reside within them? Where an individual or family is primarily located geographically may determine if they become aware of certain marine life conservation needs, or remain uninformed. A prime example of this is the Midwest region of the United States, which can be 1000 miles or more from the nearest ocean where most larger marine mammals call home. Fortunately, there are a few institutions in the region that provide valuable education and rehabilitation services for marine mammals and wildlife in need of care. These important aquatic institutions provide vital contributions toward ocean health and the safety and wellness of marine wildlife, however, more awareness, education and conservation actions are needed to help better protect and support them.
An important endangered marine mammal species, and perhaps not often thought of in areas like the Midwest region of the United States, are orca whales. Some pods of orcas, specifically the Southern Resident orcas in the Northwest region of North America, are in dire need of human intervention in order to reverse their population loss and help protect and uplift these amazing marine mammals.

Image from “Why don’t orca ever attack humans in the wild?” Newsweek article by (Georgiou, 2022).
Human Stressors and Challenges
Due to various issues, including human stressors such as vessel strikes and regular exposure to harmful contaminants, along with low food resources from overfishing, populations have unfortunately been declining. Orcas also become entangled in and ingest harmful plastics that end up in their habitat through irresponsible human activity by not recycling or improperly disposing of waste. PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) are another very hazardous contaminant leading to poor health conditions found in orcas and they are known to be among the most PCB contaminated mammals found in the world (Desforges et al., 2018). Thankfully PCBs are not produced in the United States like they once were, but many consumer products such as electrical equipment, adhesives and tapes, oils used for motors, thermal insulation materials and several more household items need to be disposed of properly so they aren’t introduced into the oceans and reach marine wildlife through community rivers and streams such as the Ohio River and Missouri River that lead to the Mississippi River and ultimately flow into the Gulf of Mexico (American Rivers, 2025, Environmental Protection Agency, 2025). Responsible disposal of waste items such as these and regularly utilizing recycling practices for items that are recyclable is vital to help keep the environment safe for orcas and their natural habitat. The Southern Resident orcas are in desperate need of human intervention to help restore their near extinct population, the great news is that it is not too late for us to help revive the species (Williams et al., 2024).

Image from article “What are PCBS?” by the (Spokane Aquifer Joint Board, 2016)
Conservation Ideas and Actions
Along with carrying out pro-environmental behaviors locally within our communities such as recycling and following proper waste disposal practices, there are multiple other ways we can help the Southern Resident orcas and other marine mammals through thoughtful conservation and species restoration efforts. One major conservation need is restoring the chinook salmon population that is the preferred prey of fish eating orca. A bountiful chinook salmon population provides proper nutrition for the current pods members as well as aids in restoring their dwindling population by nurturing successful birthing by pregnant females. The shortage of their preferred prey is believed to be a major contributor to fewer success rates due to a lack of proper nutrition for the offspring (Wasser et al., 2017). It is unclear how these pollutants and changes to their environment such as habitat degradation and negative interactions with sea vessels are impacting their behaviors in the wild. Some scientists believe that interactions with these human stressors are not only negatively impacting an orca’s physical well being but also psychologically, leading to unexpected and not previously displayed behaviors such as the prior perceived boat attacks reported in Gibraltar around the Iberian Peninsula (Jelluma, 2024). What is clear is that we have an opportunity to improve the habitats for orcas, and our conservation efforts can help reverse the harmful effects that have already taken place. Making their environment safer to live in through careful conservation planning and action to help restore their population, and hopefully avoid a sorrowful extinction of a vital and amazing species within the dolphin family.

Image of adult Chinook salmon in the Priest Rapids Hatchery. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “Potential closure of fall-run Ocean Chinook season off the Oregon Coast affects tribes, fishermen.” Oregon Public Broadcasting (DiCarlo, 2023).

Image captured by Patty Tse/Alamy, an orca seen near the boats of Moroccan fishermen in the Strait of Gibraltar in 2015. “Orcas sink fourth boat off Iberia, unnerving sailors.” The New York Times (Kwai, 2023).
Ways we can help our marine mammal friends and their natural habitat:
The following are suggestions from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): How can you help our ocean?
At Home:
- To reduce wastewater and excess runoff from flowing into our oceans – conserve and use less water.
- Choose nontoxic cleaning products and properly dispose of pesticides/herbicides will help reduce pollutants entering oceans. For more information about pesticides and how to properly dispose of them follow this link: Earth action dispose of pesticides
- Recycle what you are able to and cutting down what you throw away will help reduce waste.
Out and about:
- Be a smarter shopper by purchasing less plastic, bring reusable bags to carry your items, and choose sustainable seafood.
- Invest and use a fuel efficient vehicle, carpool or ride a bike to reduce air pollution. As oceans absorb more CO2 (atmospheric carbon dioxide) their pH levels are lowered and they become more acidic, also known as ocean acidification, which leads to warmer ocean temperatures and other hazardous conditions for sea life (NOAA, 2025, Feely et al., 2008).
- Use energy efficient light bulbs and maintain a reasonable temperature on your thermostat to save energy.
When on water:
- Be a responsible fisherman by following proper “catch & release” practices to keep more fish alive.
- Follow safe boating practices by adhering to “no wake” zone regulations (areas commonly near marinas and bridges) where boats must operate at the slowest speed possible while maintaining steerage and forward motion, typically known as idle speed. These zones are designed to protect people, property, wildlife, and the environment.
- Respect natural habitats and treat them with care, healthy habitats and survival go hand in hand.
Volunteer for cleanups while on your next beach vacation! Get involved in protecting your community watersheds too! Your local watersheds are equally important as they all lead to ocean waters.

Image from a photo captured by drone in the Salish Sea near San Juan Island, WA courtesy of John Durban/NOAA Fisheries/Southwest Fisheries Science Center (2017). “New fishing rules increase limits on warm-water fish to indirectly help orcas.” Puget Sound Institute (Dunagan, 2020).
Written By: Todd Shank
References:
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Alexander, G. (2022, May 13). Earth action: Dispose of pesticides. Earth911. https://earth911.com/home-garden/earth-action-dispose-of-pesticide/
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American Rivers. (2025, April 16). Mississippi River – A Cultural Treasure. https://www.americanrivers.org/river/mississippi-river/
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Environmental Protection Agency. (2025, February 4). Learn about Polychlorinated Biphenyls. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls
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Desforges, J.-P., Hall, A., McConnell, B., Rosing-Asvid, A., Barber, J. L., Brownlow, A., De Guise, S., Eulaers, I., Jepson, P. D., Letcher, R. J., Levin, M., Ross, P. S., Samarra, F., Víkingson, G., Sonne, C., & Dietz, R. (2018). Predicting global killer whale population collapse from PCB pollution. Science, 361(6409), 1373–1376. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1953
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DiCarlo, G. (2023, March 23). Potential closure of fall-run Ocean Chinook season off Oregon Coast affects tribes, fishermen. Oregon Public Broadcasting. https://www.opb.org/article/2023/03/23/potential-closure-ocean-chinook-salmon-fishing-oregon-california-coast-affects-tribes-fishermen/
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Dunagan, C. (2020, February 20). New fishing rules increase limits on warm-water fish to indirectly help orcas. Puget Sound Institute. https://www.pugetsoundinstitute.org/new-fishing-rules-increase-limits-on-warm-water-fish-to-indirectly-help-orcas/
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Feely, R. A., Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., & Kleypas, J. A. (2008). Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. Limnology and Oceanography E-Lectures, 1, 169–192. https://doi.org/10.4319/lol.2011.rfeely_sdoney.5
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Georgiou, A. (2022, August 20). Why don’t orca ever attack humans in the wild? Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/there-no-records-orca-ever-killing-humans-wild-why-1734489
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Jelluma, L. (2024, July 23). The interactive effects of human activities, stress and aggression on disruptive behaviour in orcas (Orcinus orca). Student Theses Faculty of Science and Engineering. https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/33308/
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Kwai, I. (2023, November 7). Orcas sink fourth boat off Iberia, unnerving sailors. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/07/world/africa/orcas-sink-yacht-gibraltar.html
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2025, February). Ocean acidification. https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-acidification
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National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2016, June 28). How can you help our ocean?. NOAA’s National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ocean/help-our-ocean.html
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Wasser, S. K., Lundin, J. I., Ayres, K., Seely, E., Giles, D., Balcomb, K., Hempelmann, J., Parsons, K., & Booth, R. (2017). Population growth is limited by nutritional impacts on pregnancy success in endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca). PLOS ONE, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179824
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What are PCBS?. Spokane Aquifer Joint Board. (2016, March 8). https://www.spokaneaquifer.org/what-are-pcbs/
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Williams, R., Lacy, R. C., Ashe, E., Barrett-Lennard, L., Brown, T. M., Gaydos, J. K., Gulland, F., MacDuffee, M., Nelson, B. W., Nielsen, K. A., Nollens, H., Raverty, S., Reiss, S., Ross, P. S., Collins, M. S., Stimmelmayr, R., & Paquet, P. (2024). Warning sign of an accelerating decline in critically endangered killer whales (Orcinus orca). Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01327-5
Issue 132 - May 2026
SeaKeepers Welcomes Dr. Mark Luther as First Scientist Chairman, Marking a New Era for Ocean Research
The International SeaKeepers Society marks a historic milestone, appointing Dr. Mark Luther of the University of South Florida as its first scientist Chairman, succeeding Jay Wade and signaling a deeper scientific chapter for the yachting-led conservation organization.

April 10, 2026. The Board of Directors of The International SeaKeepers Society has announced a leadership transition, extending its deepest gratitude to outgoing Chairman Jay Wade and welcoming Dr. Mark Luther as the organization’s first scientist Chairman, a historic milestone for the ocean conservation NGO.
During his tenure, Jay Wade provided steady, thoughtful leadership, guiding the organization through a period of growth while remaining anchored in SeaKeepers’ mission to advance oceanographic research, conservation, and marine education. A passionate advocate for the yachting and boating community, Wade championed a vision of transforming private vessels into platforms for scientific discovery, expanding the organization’s global reach and strengthening its role as a bridge between ocean science and the maritime industry.
A first scientist Chairman for SeaKeepers
Dr. Mark Luther brings decades of expertise in physical oceanography and maritime systems, alongside a lifelong connection to the water. He earned his Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and currently serves as Professor and Director of the Center for Maritime and Port Studies at the University of South Florida’s College of Marine Science.
With over 30 years of experience supporting oceanographic observation systems, including longstanding work with NOAA’s Tampa Bay Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System, Dr. Luther has been at the forefront of integrating science with real-world maritime operations. His leadership extends across key regional and federal committees, where he collaborates closely with the U.S. Coast Guard, port authorities, and maritime stakeholders to address environmental challenges tied to marine transportation.
A dedicated member of the SeaKeepers community, Dr. Luther has served as Chair of the organization’s Scientific Advisory Council, helping to guide and elevate its scientific initiatives. He is also an avid boater and U.S. Coast Guard-licensed captain, having spent more than four decades navigating the waters of Tampa Bay and Florida’s west coast.
“With years of dedicated service to SeaKeepers, Mark brings a deep understanding of our mission to this role. It is exciting to see him step into the position of Chairman and help guide the organization forward.”
Jay Wade, outgoing Chairman, The International SeaKeepers Society
Dr. Luther’s appointment signals an exciting new chapter for SeaKeepers, one that deepens the organization’s scientific leadership while continuing to engage the global fleet in meaningful ocean research, education, and conservation.
About The International SeaKeepers Society. The International SeaKeepers Society works with the yachting community to take part in research, conservation, and educational efforts that advance the health of the ocean. Learn more at seakeepers.org or @seakeepers on social.
Adapted from a press release issued by The International SeaKeepers Society on April 10, 2026.
Issue 132 - May 2026
Falmouth Harbour Trials the World’s First All-Concrete Pontoon Float to Replace EPS in Marinas
Falmouth Harbour is trialling the world’s first all-concrete marina pontoon, designed by Cornwall-based ScaffFloat, as a recyclable alternative to Expanded Polystyrene floats and a step toward cutting marine microplastic pollution.
Falmouth, Cornwall, UK. Falmouth Harbour is trialling the world’s first all-concrete marina pontoon float, designed and built by the team at ScaffFloat in neighbouring Penryn, in a first step to removing all Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) floats from its leisure and commercial operations.
The Harbour has pledged to move away from EPS products in the light of mounting evidence that polystyrene microplastics in the world’s oceans inflict serious damage on the marine environment and life within it. Polystyrene, globally used for its lightness and buoyancy, is made from fossil fuels, is virtually un-decomposable, and when it breaks down into microplastics can be ingested by marine life with devastating consequences.
“The amount of broken-up polystyrene around our creeks and rivers, particularly after this year’s storms, is awful to see and very hard to clean up without damaging the delicate ecology of our shorelines. Expanded Polystyrene fragments in the marine environment pose a serious ecological concern, as seabirds, fish, turtles and other fauna mistake EPS beads for food, which can cause internal injuries or death; entering the food chain poses health risks to humans as well.”
Vicki Spooner, Environment Manager, Falmouth Harbour
Inside the Reef Float: an inert, recyclable alternative to EPS
Penryn marine company ScaffFloat Ltd has tackled the challenge of finding alternatives to traditional pontoons by inventing the “Reef Float.” Their first commercial prototype, made entirely from concrete, has been undergoing trials beneath a Falmouth Harbour pontoon. ScaffFloat developed the new product as part of a business development project that received £284,787 from the UK Government through the UK Shared Prosperity Fund as part of Cornwall’s Good Growth Programme.
The Reef Float’s buoyant core is made using ultra-low-density waterproof concrete, instead of EPS foam, and the core is then cast inside a high-strength engineered concrete skin. In the highly unlikely event that a Reef Float ever failed, the materials would simply sit inertly as stone in the marine environment, whereas a cracked-open EPS float exposes its polystyrene foam core to the marine elements.
“We replaced a failing EPS pontoon float at Falmouth Harbour with a Reef Float, where it survived all that this January’s storms could throw at it. It’s what we would expect, of course, as we’ve designed it to be strong with an ultra-long life. But it’s also completely inert in the marine environment and 100 percent recyclable, so a game-changing alternative to the EPS floats currently used all over the world.”
Toby Budd, Founder and Managing Director, ScaffFloat
Local innovation, global stage
Local MP Jayne Kirkham, checking out the new Reef Float in Falmouth, called it “exactly the kind of innovation we want to see in Cornwall: local businesses developing practical but cutting-edge solutions to global environmental challenges. Cutting polystyrene pollution from our waters while creating skilled jobs is a win for our marine environment and our economy. I’m proud to see government funding helping projects like this lead the way.”
“Falmouth Harbour has made the conscious decision to move away from EPS foam pontoons in all our operations, and it’s fantastic that our neighbours at ScaffFloat are the first company to offer a plastic-free alternative. Reef Floats are easily installed, in situ, on a rolling basis, as and when we need to replace old EPS floats, and they have a zero-cost, 100 percent recyclable end-of-life disposal. It’s another tremendous example of Cornish ingenuity, and we look forward to working with them into the future.”
Miles Carden, CEO, Falmouth Harbour
The Reef Float team has been shortlisted for the Innovation Award at Marina26 in Australia this May, with an invitation to attend and present at the biggest marina conference in the world, demonstrating what a major issue EPS has become for the marina industry and legislative authorities alike.
Australia itself lost more than 1,000 pontoons in the 2022 Queensland floods, where they broke up and created an environmental disaster known as the “White Spill,” with the ocean and beaches covered with EPS balls that were almost impossible to clear up.
Learn more. For more information on Reef Float and parent company ScaffFloat, visit scafffloat.co.uk/reeffloat. For more on Falmouth Harbour, including its wide-ranging environmental initiatives, see falmouthharbour.co.uk.
Adapted from a press release issued by Louise Midgley Communications, on behalf of ScaffFloat and Falmouth Harbour.
Conservation Photography
Little Cayman Hope Spot Shows Early Signs of Reef Recovery After the World’s Most Extreme Coral Bleaching Event
CCMI’s 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card shows Little Cayman’s coral cover edging back to 13.4 percent, an early but unmistakable sign that the island’s reefs are beginning to recover from the world’s most extreme coral bleaching event.
Little Cayman, Cayman Islands. Marking Earth Day 2026, the Central Caribbean Marine Institute (CCMI) released its 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card, revealing early signs of recovery and renewed hope for Little Cayman’s reefs after the most extreme coral bleaching event on record in 2023.
The summer of 2023 was the hottest ever measured, and it brought with it one of the most extensive global coral bleaching events in modern history, decimating reefs from the Caribbean to the Indo-Pacific and casting their future in doubt. CCMI’s Healthy Reefs campaign has tracked Little Cayman’s reefs since 1998, and the 2024 surveys delivered the bleakest numbers in the program’s history: coral cover had collapsed to 9.8 percent, down from 26 percent before the marine heatwave.
This year’s data tells a different story. The 2025 surveys, summarized in the new Report Card, show coral cover edging back up to 13.4 percent. The shift is not yet statistically significant, but the direction is unmistakable: recovery in Little Cayman has begun.
A site-by-site picture
Zoom in from the island-wide average and the recovery looks more layered. Twenty percent of surveyed sites posted a significant increase in coral cover between 2024 and 2025. One site, Coral City, held the line entirely through the bleaching, exhibiting no significant loss. In total, 30 percent of sites have either maintained pre-bleaching coral levels or demonstrated significant recovery this year. The remaining 70 percent show either minor, non-significant recovery or no recovery at all.
Reef recovery is rarely visible on a 12 to 24 month horizon. Corals are slow-growing animals, and even after a disturbance ends, biologists typically expect at least three years before measurable rebound, and a minimum of seven years (sometimes nearly thirty) for a reef to return to pre-bleaching baselines. Against that timeline, what CCMI is recording in 2025 is striking: the resilience built into Little Cayman, with strong protections and minimal local disturbance, appears to be doing exactly what reef science predicts it should do.
Fish populations holding the line
While coral cover is still climbing back, fish populations have continued to thrive. CCMI has documented consistent increases in fish density since 2016, with a dramatic jump in density and biomass in 2024 that held through 2025. That matters more than it might sound: herbivorous fish keep macro-algae in check, and when algae is left unchecked it can smother corals and block new recruits from settling. A healthy reef-fish community is, in many ways, what makes coral recovery possible at all.
A Hope Spot earning its name
Little Cayman is a Mission Blue Hope Spot, a designation that frames the island as a small-but-mighty example of what marine protection can look like when conservation is prioritized. Under the pressures the ocean is now under, that framing reads less like marketing copy and more like a working hypothesis the reef is steadily proving out.
The island has form here. Little Cayman’s Nassau grouper spawning aggregation rebounded from roughly 1,000 individuals to nearly 9,000 over a decade, one of the most cited recovery stories in the Caribbean. The early coral signal in the 2025 Report Card could become another chapter in that record.
The nursery, and three resilient genotypes
CCMI’s coral nursery was hit hard during the 2023 bleaching, losing close to 90 percent of its stock. Genetic work in the aftermath identified three staghorn coral genotypes that survived nearly 20 degree-heating weeks. Since 2023, those three genotypes have rebuilt the nursery from just 17 fragments to nearly 300 as of March 2026. CCMI’s nursery likely represents one of the last remaining populations of the critically endangered staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, in Little Cayman.
Why this matters beyond Little Cayman
Hope Spots like Little Cayman do not just protect their own waters. They function as larval source populations, exporting recruits along ocean currents to less resilient reefs downstream. In a warming ocean where many sites have lost their capacity to bounce back unaided, these pockets of resilience are increasingly the difference between regional collapse and regional recovery.
The 2025 numbers do not erase what 2023 took. Coral cover is still well below pre-heatwave levels, and the recovery is partial, uneven, and fragile. But for the first time since the bleaching, the trendline is pointing in the right direction. As CCMI puts it, research and science-based actions are critical right now to understand the ecological processes driving this resilience and to translate that understanding into management and protection.
Acknowledgments
CCMI thanks this year’s Healthy Reefs sponsors: Wheaton Precious Metals International, Foster’s Supermarket, Cayman Water, and Ugland Properties; and the Restoration program sponsors who made the work possible: The Ernest Kleinwort Charitable Trust, Artex Cayman Islands, Walkers, and Marfire.
Read the full 2025 Healthy Reefs Report Card at tinyurl.com/CCMI-25HRR and learn more about the Healthy Reefs campaign at reefresearch.org/our-work/research/healthy-reefs/.
Adapted from a press release issued by the Central Caribbean Marine Institute (CCMI), April 22, 2026. Photo credit: CCMI.
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