Issue 68 - January 2021
Fish Carcasses Deliver Toxic Mercury Pollution to The Deepest Ocean Trenches

The sinking carcasses of fish from near-surface waters deliver toxic mercury pollution to the most remote and inaccessible parts of the world’s oceans, including the deepest spot of them all: the 36,000-foot-deep Mariana Trench in the northwest Pacific.
And most of that mercury began its long journey to the deep-sea trenches as atmospheric emissions from coal-fired power plants, mining operations, cement factories, incinerators and other human activities.
Those are two of the main conclusions of a University of Michigan-led research team that analyzed the isotopic composition of mercury in fish and crustaceans collected at the bottom of two deep-sea trenches in the Pacific. The team reports its findings in a study scheduled for publication Nov. 16 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Mercury that we believe had once been in the stratosphere is now in the deepest trench on Earth,” said U-M environmental geochemist Joel Blum, lead author of the PNAS paper and a professor in the U-M Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

“It was widely thought that anthropogenic mercury was mainly restricted to the upper 1,000 meters of the oceans, but we found that while some of the mercury in these deep-sea trenches has a natural origin, it is likely that most of it comes from human activity.”
At a scientific meeting in June, Blum’s team and a Chinese-led research group independently reported the detection of human-derived mercury in deep-sea-trench organisms.
The Chinese researchers, who published their findings July 7 in the journal Nature Communications, concluded that the mercury gets to the deep-sea trenches by hitching a ride on microscopic particles of sinking organic matter—including fecal material and dead plankton—that constantly rain down from the upper oceans.
But in their PNAS paper, Blum and his colleagues suggest that a more likely explanation is that sinking carrion from fish that feed in the upper ocean delivers most of the mercury to the trenches.
Why does it matter whether deep-sea-trench mercury came from sinking fish carcasses or from the steady rain of tiny bits of detritus?
Because scientists and policymakers want to know how changing global mercury emissions will affect the levels found in seafood. While mercury emissions have declined in recent years in North America and Europe, China and India continue to expand their use of coal, and global-scale mercury emissions are rising.

To determine how seafood is likely to be impacted, researchers rely on global models. And refining those models requires the clearest possible understanding of how mercury cycles within the oceans and between the oceans and the atmosphere, according to Blum.
“Yes, we eat fish caught in shallower waters, not from deep-sea trenches,” he said. “However, we need to understand the cycling of mercury through the entire ocean to be able to model future changes in the near-surface ocean.”
Mercury is a naturally occurring element, but more than 2,000 metric tons of it are emitted into the atmosphere each year from human activities. This inorganic mercury can travel thousands of miles before being deposited onto land and ocean surfaces, where microorganisms convert some of it to methylmercury, a highly toxic organic form that can accumulate in fish to levels that are harmful to humans and wildlife.
Effects on humans can include damage to the central nervous system, the heart and the immune system. The developing brains of fetuses and young children are especially vulnerable.
In their study, Blum and his colleagues analyzed the isotopic composition of methylmercury from the tissues of snailfish and crustaceans called amphipods collected at depths of up to 33,630 feet in the Mariana Trench in the northwest Pacific, southwest of Guam. Other samples were collected at depths of up to 32,800 feet in the Kermadec Trench in the southwest Pacific, northeast of New Zealand.
“These samples were challenging to acquire, given the trenches’ great depths and high pressures,” said study co-author Jeffrey Drazen, a University of Hawaii oceanographer. “The trenches are some of the least studied ecosystems on Earth, and the Mariana snailfish was only just discovered in 2014.”

Mercury has seven stable (nonradioactive) isotopes, and the ratio of the different isotopes provides a unique chemical signature, or fingerprint, that can be used as a diagnostic tool to compare environmental samples from various locations.
The researchers used these fingerprinting techniques—many of which were developed in Blum’s lab—to determine that the mercury from deep-sea-trench amphipods and snailfish had a chemical signature that matched the mercury from a wide range of fish species in the central Pacific that feed at depths of around 500 meters (1,640 feet). Those central Pacific fish were analyzed by Blum and his colleagues during a previous study.
At the same time, they found that the isotopic composition of the mercury in sinking particles of detritus, the delivery mechanism favored by the Chinese team, does not match the chemical signature of mercury in the trench organisms, according to Blum and his colleagues.
They concluded that most of the mercury in the trench organisms was transported there in the carcasses of fish that feed in sunlit near-surface waters, where most of the mercury comes from anthropogenic sources.

“We studied the trench biota because they live in the deepest and most remote place on Earth, and we expected the mercury there to be almost exclusively of geologic origin—that is, from deep-sea volcanic sources,” Blum said. “Our most surprising finding was that we found mercury in organisms from deep-sea trenches that shows evidence for originating in the sunlit surface zone of the ocean.”
Anthropogenic mercury enters the oceans via rainfall, dry deposition of windblown dust, and runoff from rivers and estuaries.
“Deep-sea trenches have been viewed as pristine ecosystems unsullied by human activities. But recent studies have found traces of anthropogenic lead, carbon-14 from nuclear weapons testing, and persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs in organisms living in even the deepest part of the ocean, which is known as the hadal zone,” Drazen said.
The latest mercury findings provide yet another example of human activities impacting food webs in the most remote marine ecosystems on Earth.
The other authors of the PNAS paper, in addition to Blum and Drazen, are Brian Popp of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Marcus Johnson and Laura Motta of the U-M Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Alan Jamieson of Newcastle University.
The title of the study is “Mercury isotopes identify near-surface marine mercury in deep-sea trench biota.” The work was supported by the Schmidt Ocean Institute, several grants from the National Science Foundation, and an NSF Graduate Fellowship.
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Issue 68 - January 2021
SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – January 2021 – Issue 68

How to volunteer your way to a holiday in Queensland
Exploring a different corner of the world on a holiday is something that’s guaranteed to leave you with lifelong memories. But spending some of your vacation time giving back will take the experience to a whole new level. Read more…
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Coexisting with Nature During a Worldwide Pandemic

The practice venues for competitive pool swimmers have controlled environments that allow for participants to train without interruption. There are wave-resistant lane lines, pace clocks, a black line on the bottom to help swimmers swim straight and a coach on deck overseeing the practice. Read more…
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Green Fins Environmental Materials Now Available in Arabic and Japanese

The Reef-World Foundation – the international coordinator of Green Fins – along with the Chamber of Diving & Watersports (CDWS) and the SDGs Promotion Secretariat (Onna Village Office in Okinawa) is pleased to announce Arabic and Japanese-speaking dive and snorkel operators can now benefit from environmental resources in their first language. Read more…
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How Conservatives Can Embrace GreenEnergy During The Biden Administration
Joe Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election is being seen as a positive development by those who favor renewable forms of energy over fossil fuels. The Trump administration has moved to reverse over 100 climate and environmental rules, considering them burdensome to the fossil fuel industry. Read more…
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HIDDEN: Animals in the Anthropocene Features 40 International Photojournalists and Foreword by Joaquin Phoenix

An unflinching new book of photography documenting our relationship with non-human animals was released today, featuring the work of 40 international photojournalists and a foreword by Academy Award-winning actor Joaquin Phoenix. Read more…
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Wildfire Orphans, Captain Cal & Adopted Sisters, to Depart Soon for New Home at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
“Captain Cal” by the Cal Fire firefighters who found him limping down a burned-out road in Redding on September 30, 2020, the severely burned orphaned mountain lion cub is now fully recovered, 47 days after he was first rushed to Oakland Zoo’s veterinary hospital by the California Department of Fish & Wildlife (CDFW). Read more…
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Sabah-Based Dive Operator Wins Global Diving Award!
Sabah-based dive operator, Scuba Junkie, has won ‘Best Scuba Diving Dive Centre or Resort in the World for 2020’ in the prestigious Dive Magazine’s annual Travel Awards. The Travel Awards are chosen by votes from readers worldwide, with Scuba Junkie topping a poll that involved more than 1,000 operators from all over the globe. Read more…
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Feature Destination: How to fit Queensland’s top 8 marine life encounters into just 5 days
Home to 1625 species of fish, not to mention sea turtles, whales and dolphins, the Great Barrier Reef is a place where the best of Queensland marine life encounters are pretty much guaranteed. With 2300km of coral reef stretching from Bundaberg all the way up to Cape York to explore, you might be wondering where to begin – or how much time you’ll need to see it all. Read more…
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Australian Scientists Discover 500 Meter Tall Coral Reef in The Great Barrier Reef – First to be Discovered in Over 120 Years
Scientists have discovered a massive detached coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef–the first to be discovered in over 120 years, Schmidt Ocean Institute announced today. Measuring more than 500m high–taller than the Empire State Building, the Sydney Tower, and the Petronas Twin Towers–the reef was discovered by Australian scientists aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor, currently on a 12-month exploration of the ocean surrounding Australia. Read more…
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Bobtail Squid – Jack’s January Underwater Photograph
There is a whole different world underwater, one filled with enchanting and otherworldly flora and fauna. It’s one of the reasons why we love scuba diving. One of the many unique sea creatures that you may run into is the bobtail squid, which can be found in the shallow coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean as well as parts of the Indian Ocean. Read more…
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The Narrow Edge: A Tiny Bird, an Ancient Crab, and an Epic Journey by Deborah Cramer
In the award-winning The Narrow Edge, author Deborah Cramer accompanies tiny, endangered shorebirds along their extraordinary migration from one end of the earth to the other, witnessing the challenges the birds face along an increasingly congested and fragile shore, and how their lives, and ours, depend on an ancient animal, the horseshoe crab. Read more…
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Interview with Maui Marine Scientist Darla White
While acting as the Special Projects Coordinator of Maui’s Division of Aquatic Resources, marine scientist Darla White met to chat at Sip Me – a local coffee shop in Upcountry Maui – to talk about her efforts to promote coral reef health, what it’s like to be part of the island’s scientific community, and what thrills her about fish. Read more…
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Visiting Bangkok’s Pata Zoo, now known for Cher’s attempt to rehome resident gorilla.

Cher recently made a plea for the rehoming of the gorilla Bua Noi. Brought to Thailand in 1988, the gorilla lived nearly her entire life behind bars and glass in this dilapidated zoo above a shopping mall in Bangkok. I first heard about the Pata Zoo a few years ago and in an effort to bring more attention to it, I showed up with my Sony Alpha camera hidden in my bag. Read more…
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The most beautiful beaches in Queensland
As a state with 6,973 km of coastline, it’s safe to say, we have no shortage of Queensland beaches for you to explore. What our beaches share in common – sun, salt and sand – are also worlds apart in their differences. Read more…
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The Incredible, Recent, Global Rise in the Stranding of Marine Mammals
During late September 2020, Australia experienced the largest mass stranding of whales in the history of that country. Two weeks later, during early October, the stranding of 7,000 cape fur seals on the coast of Namibia was identified as a major marine mammal stranding event. Disturbingly, this was followed one month later by 100 pilot whales beaching themselves on the coast of Sri Lanka. Read more…
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Fish Carcasses Deliver Toxic Mercury Pollution to The Deepest Ocean Trenches
The sinking carcasses of fish from near-surface waters deliver toxic mercury pollution to the most remote and inaccessible parts of the world’s oceans, including the deepest spot of them all: the 36,000-foot-deep Mariana Trench in the northwest Pacific. Read more…
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Will Fall Travels Be Possible This Year? A Coronavirus Update
As of right now, everything is a bit up in the air. We don’t know what the next month will bring as the coronavirus pandemic continues to flare up in certain areas of the country and calm down in others. However, we are hopeful about traveling in the fall. Read more…
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Oceans: An Overlooked Oasis
Conservation is a curious thing. I wish it weren’t necessary, even if that did put me out of a job. Unfortunately, the human race is exploiting nature for everything it’s worth, putting profit before the planet. Overconsumption of wild habitats, animals and natural resources has pushed ecosystems and biodiversity to the brink of collapse. Read more…
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Domestic, Green-Rated Salmon Making its way to West Coast Grocery Stores
Lusamerica Foods, a major seafood wholesaler in the Western United States, started distributing green-rated, domestic salmon to over 200 grocery stores in California. The salmon producer, Atlantic Sapphire, has been raising Atlantic salmon in land-based tanks since 2010 out of their Denmark plant, however, they have since built an additional production centre in Miami, FL. Read more…
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OMA to design Miami Beach’s First Underwater Public Sculpture Park and Artificial Reef in 2021
BlueLab Preservation Society reveals plans for The ReefLine, a new 7-mile underwater public sculpture park, snorkel trail, and artificial reef located off Miami Beach’s shoreline. The large-scale environmental public art project has been conceived by cultural placemaker Ximena Caminos who will serve as the project’s Artistic Director. Read more…
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The FREE Weekly Conservation Post and Jobs List
Signing up for the free Weekly Newsletter & Jobs List will get you a round-up of upcoming events, webinars, meetings, reports, funding opportunities, photos of the week, and recent postings to the jobs list.
To sign up for our free subscription, please Click Here or email us Here.
Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.
Our mission is to promote communication and build partnerships across the global marine community and to identify and address gaps in the community’s work. SEVENSEAS Media achieves this through multimedia promotion and partnerships. The community consists of a diverse and growing group of participants, including non-governmental organizations, government agencies, foundations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, fellowship programs, independent consultants, and academia/students.
If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here.
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Issue 68 - January 2021
How to volunteer your way to a holiday in Queensland
By Kim Barnard
Exploring a different corner of the world on a holiday is something that’s guaranteed to leave you with lifelong memories. But spending some of your vacation time giving back will take the experience to a whole new level.
Queensland, boasting a beautiful, vast landscape, offers a range of unique volunteer experiences which allow you to put your skills to good use while also exploring the beautiful sights and experiences the region offers.
If you’re looking for ways to give while you’re away, this guide will help; it’s all about how to volunteer while on holiday.
Keep Australia Clean

Removing debris and litter from in and around the magical Whitsunday waters is a life-saving task that can be done with Eco Barge Clean Seas.
This not-for-profit organisation has removed over 200,000 kilograms of pollution from the Whitsunday region since 2009. Not only do they eliminate objects that harm marine life and damage their ecosystem, but they recycle and transform ocean plastics to reduce landfill entirely. Plus, they nurture sick and injured marine turtles back to prime health.
Founder, Libby Edge is dedicated to protecting and preserving the marine environment so generations to come can enjoy its beauty. Libby established Eco Barge Clean Seas after learning about the devastating effects that marine debris has on the residents of the sea.
To volunteer for one of their barge trips (as part of the Whitsunday Marine Debris Removal Program), head to their website and fill out your details. The barge, which holds up to 10 volunteers at a time, will take you to known impacted bays and beaches. Expect to pick up approximately 300 kilograms of debris during the trip!
Note: morning tea and lunch is provided.
Dig for Dinosaurs
The Australian Age of Dinosaurs is a museum in Winton, Queensland that not only displays the incredible animals of the past, but lets the public get up close and personal with them. It’s one of the few places in the world that offers this once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Join the team in the Fossil Preparation Laboratory and spend the day prepping real dinosaur fossils for display. Prep-a-dino over two days, with a mate, for just $169 per person; this package includes a guided tour of the laboratory, collection room and dinosaur canyon. Plus, a one-year membership to the Australian Age of Dinosaurs society. If two days isn’t enough, why not opt for 10? After completing 10 days of preparation and training with the museum, you’ll become an Honorary Technician. This package, starting at $729, can be enjoyed over non-consecutive days.
Dive with Whales

If you’re a keen diver and want to meet dwarf minke whales, then sign yourself up for a volunteer experience with Mike Ball Dive Expeditions.
Not only will you be able to swim with these amazing animals in the Great Barrier Reef (it’s the only place in the world where you can), but you can contribute to research by collecting data on whale observations and sharing photos to the database.
Cairns is the departure point for these unforgettable scuba diving expeditions. Whether you choose the three-, four- or seven-day trip, you’ll have the time of your life witnessing the incredible biodiversity that lies in the incredible underwater world.
Check out this guide for other ways to help the Great Barrier Reef.
Have Some Turtle Time

When it’s turtle season (from November to March), the Mon Repos rockery near Bundaberg can always use an extra set of hands to help the newborn loggerheads reach their ocean home.
You don’t need any specific qualifications to take part in this very special experience, just a commitment to donate one night per week. As well as helping the rangers with visitor groups and turtle research, you might be called on to staff the entrance and souvenir shop, provide information to visitors and run the children’s activities.
Be a wildlife warrior

Head to Australia Zoo on the Sunshine Coast to help this conservation destination in its daily duties.
Volunteers learn new skills, gain an exclusive look into being a zookeeper, and meet some amazing animals and people. Choose from being a Keeper or a Customer Relations Volunteer; as a Keeper, your tasks will range from cleaning and maintenance, food preparation, animal observation, assisting keepers, and interacting with visitors at the daily Wildlife Warrior Colosseum Show. As a Customer Relations Volunteer, you’ll get to welcome visitors, answer people’s questions and help them navigate the zoo, and assist with guided tours, regular promotional events and children’s activities.
Live like a local
WWOOF is a worldwide movement bringing volunteers and organic farmers/growers together, to promote building a sustainable global community.
Travel around Australia living and learning on a host farm (for free!). For 4-to-6 hours a day you’ll be able to work on a functioning farm and perfect your organic practices.
Note: Before you become a WWOOFer, ensure your travel insurance is up to date as medical assistance in Australia can be very pricey.
Join a bush tribe
If you’re over 18, register as a volunteer with Bush Heritage Australia to be notified of roles going in the beautiful bushland.
Bush Heritage Australia is an independent not-for-profit organisation that buys and manages land, and partners with Aboriginal people to preserve our landscapes and irreplaceable native species.
As a volunteer, there’s a plethora of tasks you can work on. Reserve tasks range from caretaking, grounds and building maintenance, fencing, feral animal control, weed control, ecological monitoring and other ongoing land management activities. Office tasks include research, administration, fundraising, events and other important projects.
Click here to learn more.

Feature Destination
How to fit Queensland’s top 8 marine life encounters into just 5 days
By Laura Walls
Home to 1625 species of fish, not to mention sea turtles, whales and dolphins, the Great Barrier Reef is a place wherethe best of Queensland marine life encounters are pretty much guaranteed.
With 2300km of coral reef stretching from Bundaberg all the way up to Cape York to explore, you might be wondering where to begin – or how much time you’ll need to see it all. The good news is that seeing the best of the reef doesn’t require a big-time commitment. If you’re looking to pack a lot into a short space of time, try this marine-life spotting mini-break on for size.
Meet the Great 8
Kicking off in Hervey Bay and wrapping up in Port Douglas, this five-day itinerary will take you on a journey of discovery in search of Queensland’s Great 8. A checklist of the reef’s rarest and most spectacular marine creatures, the Great 8 features whales, turtles, manta rays, clown fish, sharks, potato cod, Maori wrasse and the giant clam. Get ready to experience nature at her jaw-dropping best.
Day 1: Go in search of whales in Hervey Bay

From Brisbane, hop on a quick 50-minute flight or take the scenic three-and-a-half-hour drive north to arrive in Hervey Bay, Australia’s whale-watching capital. This laidback seaside town was recently crowned the world’s first whale heritage area and considered – with good reason. Each year, more than 20,000 humpback whales and their newborn calves travel along Australia’s eastern coast on their annual migration. Hervey Bay’s warm, protected waters provide a natural nursery where mother whales teach their calves to socialise and play, making it a wildlife spotter’s dream. You’ll be able to spot them breaching and tail-slapping from the shore during whale watching season (July to October) – but for a more up-close experience, jump aboard a day tour with Tasman Venture. If the conditions are right, you may even be lucky enough to swim alongside them. (Queensland is one of just a handful of places worldwide where this is possible). Hervey Bay is known for its lively local dining scene, so wrap up your day with dinner at one of the town’s many restaurants and cafes.
Day 2: Snorkel with giant turtles and potato cod at Lady Elliot Island

Your base for the next few days is Lady Elliot Island, a coral cay off the coast of Bundaberg in a conservation Green Zone. Home to sea turtles, manta rays and much more, it’s one of Queensland’s best locations for marine life encounters. From Hervey Bay, take the 40-minute scenic flight across the bay (a trip highlight in its own right) to arrive at the award-winning Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort. Travelling with kids? Don’t miss the resort’s Reef Rangers program. Budding conservationists will love learning all about Lady Elliot’s incredible marine ecosystem and the work being done to protect the reef. After lunch, grab your mask and snorkel and head for the island’s eastern lagoon. Be sure to check out the lagoon’s far-left corner: the favourite hangout place of an enormous potato cod. Next, head to the western side of the island. Explore coral ledges and underwater valleys as you swim among hawksbill and green turtles, as well as schools of shimmering fish. Tip: for even more turtle-spotting action, visit between November and April. This is nesting and hatching season when mama turtles lay their eggs and baby hatchlings scuttle down to the sea.
Day 3: Meet manta rays and Maori wrasse on a scuba adventure

Today will see you tick two more iconic marine creatures off your list. First up: manta rays. Hop aboard a dive boat to the Anchor Bommie site, just a short distance off the island’s south-west coast, for the chance to swim alongside these gentle giants. Marvel at their graceful movements as they cruise around and above you, using their enormous wings to glide effortlessly through the water. Next stop is Maori Wrasse Bommie, named after the family of giant Maori Wrasse that calls the area home. With their bright blue and yellow markings and impressive size, they’re impossible to miss. Famously friendly, Maori Wrasse rarely passes up the opportunity to say hello – so bring your waterproof camera for an underwater selfie.
Day 4: Get up close to sharks Townsville (without getting wet)

You’ll need to get an early start today, because it’s time to wave goodbye to Lady Elliot and set your sights on Townsville. From Bundaberg you can choose to fly (via Brisbane) or take the epic 1000km, 11 hour scenic drive up the coast.While in Townsville, don’t miss the chance to brush up on your reef knowledge at Reef HQ: the world’s largest living coral reef aquarium. Wander through the underwater reef tunnel to experience life under the waves without getting wet. (It’s perfect for little ones who haven’t mastered the art of snorkelling yet). Don’t miss the daily shark feeding show for the chance to see these sleek and efficient predators in action.
Day 5: Spot tiny clownfish and giant clams in Tropical North Queensland

Today’s final destination is Port Douglas: the gateway to exploring the Outer Reef. Take the short flight to Cairns and continue on to Port Douglas by road (the journey takes around an hour). Alternatively, put your trip on pause and spend a day (or more) exploring Cairns and its surrounding beaches and reef. Keen to get back on the water? Check out the boat trip options at Sunlover Reef Tours. For expert insights into reef ecology, sign up to their Marine Biologist for a Day program. Your day includes a guided snorkel safari as well as a practical session on how to analyse coral health and look for signs of environmental impact. Combine it with their Astronomer for a Night tour and spend the night stargazing 50kms off the coast of Cairns. If you’re cruising on to Port Douglas, head to buzzing Macrossan Street on arrival to refuel (The Little Larder is a local favourite). Then, it’s time to explore the underwater world of the Outer Reef. Discover the weird and wonderful marine life that inhabit the bommies and coral cays of Agincourt Reef aboard Silversonic, Quicksilver Cruises’ high-speed dive catamaran. For the best chance of spotting giant clams, parrotfish and Maori Wrasse, head to The Point on the northern end of the reef. Continue north and west to reach the Three Sisters, where clownfish dart amongst the colourful sea anemones that double as their homes. Back on dry land, celebrate completing your bucket-list of Queensland marine life encounters with sunset drinks on the deck at the Tin Shed, Port Douglas.

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