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Issue 98 - July 2023

Caribbean Seagrasses Provide Services Worth $255B Annually, Including Vast Carbon Storage, Study Shows

By The University of Michigan

ANN ARBOR—Discussions of valuable but threatened ocean ecosystems often focus on coral reefs or coastal mangrove forests. Seagrass meadows get a lot less attention, even though they provide wide-ranging services to society and store lots of climate-warming carbon.

But the findings of a new University of Michigan-led study show that seagrass ecosystems deserve to be at the forefront of the global conservation agenda, according to the authors. It’s the first study to put a dollar value on the many services—from storm protection to fish habitat to carbon storage—provided by seagrasses across the Caribbean, and the numbers are impressive.

Using newly available satellite data, the researchers estimate that the Caribbean holds up to half the world’s seagrass meadows by surface area, and it contains about one-third of the carbon stored in seagrasses worldwide.

They calculated that Caribbean seagrasses provide about $255 billion in services to society annually, including $88.3 billion in carbon storage.

In the Bahamas alone, the ecosystem services provided by seagrasses are valued at more than 15 times the country’s 2020 gross domestic product, according to the study published online June 21 in the journal Biology Letters.

“Our study is the first to show that seagrass beds in the Caribbean are of global importance in their areal extent, in the amount of carbon they store, and in the value of the economic services they provide to society,” said study lead author Bridget Shayka, a doctoral student in the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.

“The findings underscore the importance of conserving and protecting these highly threatened and globally important ecosystems, which are critical allies in the fight against climate change.”

One way to prioritize seagrass conservation would be to include those verdant undersea meadows in global carbon markets through projects that minimize loss, increase areal extent or restore degraded beds.

The idea of selling “blue carbon” offset credits, which monetize carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems, is gaining traction for several reasons.

For one, many island nations that have already been impacted by climate change—through increasingly intense hurricanes or rising sea levels, for example—have large areas of valuable coastal ecosystems that store carbon and that provide other services to society.

(a) Map of seagrass distribution in the Caribbean. (b) Total amount of carbon in seagrass beds of the Caribbean. Bars show amount in teragrams (Tg), with range limits. Y-axis is on a log10 scale.

Blue carbon (the name refers specifically to carbon stored in coastal and open-ocean ecosystems while “green carbon” refers more broadly to carbon stored in all natural ecosystems) offset credits could be a way for wealthier countries to compensate for their contribution to human-caused climate change while at the same time benefiting the economies of impacted countries and helping to conserve coastal ecosystems, which are among the most impaired in the world.

Threats to seagrass meadows include coastal development, chemical pollution, recreation, shipping and climate change.

“Because seagrass ecosystems are both highly important for carbon storage and sequestration, and are highly degraded globally, they represent an important burgeoning market for blue carbon,” said marine ecologist and study senior author Jacob Allgeier, an associate professor in the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.

“Yet, to date, a fundamental impediment to both evaluating seagrass and promoting it in the blue carbon market has been the lack of thorough seagrass distribution data.”

For their study, the U-M-led team used newly available seagrass distribution data collected by the PlanetScope constellation of small DOVE satellites. They classified Caribbean seagrass ecosystems as either sparse or dense and estimated the amount of carbon in plants and sediments using data from Thalassia testudinum, the dominant seagrass species in the region.

The researchers then calculated a conservative economic value for the total ecosystem services provided by seagrasses in the Caribbean and for the stored carbon, using previously published estimates for the value of services including food production, nursery habitat for fishes and invertebrates, recreation and carbon storage.

Grouper, queen conch and lobster are among the commercially harvested animals that rely on Caribbean seagrass. Green sea turtles, tiger sharks and manatees also depend on it.

To estimate the dollar value of the carbon stored in Caribbean seagrass beds, the researchers used $18 per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalents, borrowed from  California’s cap and trade program.

In addition to Caribbean-wide estimates, the researchers calculated values for individual countries in the region: 

  • The Bahamas has the largest share of Caribbean seagrass (61%), providing total ecosystem services valued at $156 billion annually, including $54 billion in carbon storage.
  • Cuba ranks second in areal seagrass coverage (33% of the Caribbean total), with a value of $84.6 billion per year for all ecosystem services, including $29.3 billion for carbon storage.
  • The dollar value of the carbon in seagrasses around Cuba is equivalent to 27% of the country’s 2020 GDP.

“Importantly, the degradation of seagrass beds often leads to erosion and sediment resuspension, which can create a positive feedback of increased seagrass loss and the release of C stored in sediments,” the authors wrote. “Blue carbon finance thus represents a potential mechanism by which the global community can invest in conserving and protecting these vital ecosystems.” 

More than 60 species of seagrasses grow in shallow coastal waters around the world. They evolved from land plants that recolonized the oceans 70 to 100 million years ago.

In a separate paper accepted for publication in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society, Allgeier and colleagues show that the construction of artificial reefs in the Caribbean can help protect seagrass ecosystems from human impacts, including nutrient pollution and overfishing.

Seagrasses use photosynthesis to pull carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, then store the carbon in plant tissues. The seagrasses are quickly inundated by sediments, slowing decomposition. As a result, more than 90% of the carbon stored in seagrass beds is in the top meter of sediment.

Caribbean seagrasses and associated sediments store an estimated 1.3 billion metric tons of carbon, according to the new study. That’s a big number, but it’s just 1.09% of the carbon contained in above- and below-ground woody biomass in the Amazon, and just 1.12% of the carbon in the biomass and soils of the world’s temperate forests, according to the new study.

Study authors, in addition to Shayka and Allgeier, are Maximilian Hesselbarth of the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Steven Schill of The Nature Conservancy and William Currie of the U-M School for Environment and Sustainability.

Support for the study was provided by the David and Lucile Packard Fellowship and the National Science Foundation.

Study: The natural capital of seagrass beds in the Caribbean: Evaluating their ecosystem services and blue carbon trade potential


Issue 98 - July 2023

SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – July 2023 – Issue 98

Cover Issue 98 July copy

Feature Destination

Coastal Charm: How You Can Make the Most of a Presque Isle Summer

Nestled on the scenic shores of Lake Erie and flanked by the City of Erie, Presque Isle State Park is a year-round outdoor oasis and a national natural landmark that welcomes more than four million visitors annually, and with good reason. Read more…

National Marine Sanctuary Foundation Applauds New Proposed Sanctuary Designation in Lake Erie

The Pennsylvania waters of Lake Erie were one of the mid-19th century’s busiest waterways, supporting goods and resources flowing in and out of the interior of North America, a large commercial fishing fleet, and some of the earliest shipbuilding on the Great Lakes. Read more…

Feature Destination: Great Ways to Get Out on the Water in Erie PA

The Erie area provides the perfect setting for a host of water-based activities. Regardless of whether you own a boat or not, there are numerous ways to immerse yourself in some outdoor fun. From leisurely sunset cruises on a historic vessel to thrilling pirate-themed adventures. Read more…

Great Lakes Hope Spot

The Great Lakes span more than 750 miles (1,207 kilometres) and are straddled across the United States’ north-central border and Canada’s south-central border. The five bodies of water that make up the Great Lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and their connecting channels, including the St. Lawrence River. Read more…


NEWSROOM

Aquarium Scientists See One Third of North Atlantic Right Whale Population During Winter/Spring Aerial Survey Season

Over the course of four months, New England Aquarium scientists sighted 102 individual North Atlantic right whales during aerial survey flights, about one-third of the critically endangered species population. Read more…

ASU Establishes ʻĀkoʻakoʻa, a New Collaborative Effort to Seed Renewed Connection Between Human, Coral Communities in Hawaii

With a group of core partners, Arizona State University is creating a new $25 million collaboration to preserve and restore vitality to Hawaii’s coral reefs and the health of its coastlines. Read more…

Introducing Blue Frontier’s Blue Movement Directory: A New, Updated, Geo-Map-Based  Guide Empowering Ocean Action Worldwide

Blue Frontier, the nationally recognized nonprofit organization founded in 2003 and known as “The Voice for Ocean Action,” is proud to announce the launch of its newly updated, revised and geo-map-based Blue Movement Directory. Read more…

Great Barrier Reef: Australia to put in place urgent safeguarding measures requested by UNESCO

UNESCO welcomes Australia’s decision to implement urgent new protection measures to safeguard the Great Barrier Reef recommended by UNESCO. The measures include a ban on fishing with gillnets. Read more…

Scientists Propose New Sector-Based Framework to Address The Plastic Pollution Crisis

a school of tiny fish swimming in the ocean with plastic waste

A research paper published today in Marine Pollution Bulletin presents a framework to better solve plastic pollution by framing strategies and solutions in the context of specific sectors of plastic use in society. Read more…

Green Fins Launched in Aqaba, Jordan to Implement Green Fins Environmental Standards

The Reef-World Foundation is delighted to announce that Jordan is now the 15th country globally to implement the Green Fins programme — a UN Environment Programme initiative. Read more…

Scientists Discover New Deep-sea Octopus Nursery in Costa Rica

This unidentified octopus is thought to be a new species (verification pending) and was seen at a depth of 3004 meters on an unnamed outcrop southwest of Fuente Seamount in Costa Rican waters as the research team was exploring the area for the first time.

A team of international scientists have discovered a new deep-sea octopus nursery at a low-temperature hydrothermal vent offshore of Costa Rica. The discovery of the brooding site brings the world’s known octopus nurseries to three. Read more…

Plastic Pollution in European Waters Doubles in a Decade, Reveals SEAwise Research

The amount of plastic in European waters has almost doubled in the past decade, according to research carried out as part of the SEAwise project – an international project working towards effective implementation of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management in Europe. Read more… 

Chesapeake Bay’s Dead Zone Predicted to be 33% Smaller Than Long-Term Average

This summer’s Chesapeake Bay “dead zone” is expected to be significantly smaller than the long-term average, according to a forecast released today by researchers from the University of Michigan, Chesapeake Bay Program, University of Maryland and U.S. Geological Survey. Read more…

Whale Wise Eco Tours Becomes Part of The WeWhale Family

Pilot Whales - WeWhale

Over the past few months, the two companies have worked together to remodel the WWET boat ‘Esiel’, a 37 feet motorboat made specifically for whale and dolphin watching, including taking on WeWhale branding and updating its hybrid-electric drive technology to reduce noise and environmental pollution. Read more…

Cliff Divers Heslop and Iffland Conquer The Adriatic in Italy

Great Britain’s Aidan Heslop leapt to victory at the third stop of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in Polignano a Mare on Sunday, posting one of the highest-scoring single dives ever to claim his third career win. In the women’s competition, Australia’s dominant Rhiannan Iffland picked up her third straight victory. Read more…

Mapping from Source to Sea to Stem the Flow of Marine Plastic

OpenOceans Global today announced the publication of a white paper designed to be a useful resource to the United Nations International Plastic Treaty negotiations currently underway in Paris, France. The white paper recognizes the need to address the ocean plastic crisis geographically by determining and mapping the pathways. Read more…

Indonesia’s First Ever Ocean Conservation-Themed Exhibition Hall Opens in Bali

The exhibition hall delves into the intersection of art, science, culture, and marine conservation. It features large-scale art installations that showcase the creativity of Indonesian and foreign artists in presenting the beauty of our oceans. Read more…

Researchers Tag Three Endangered Smalltooth Sawfish inside Tampa Bay

Sightings of endangered sawfish on the Florida Gulf Coast north of Charlotte Harbor are rare, especially those of small ones. But thanks to several reports from the public, scientists responded to the area around Rattlesnake Key in lower Tampa Bay and successfully caught, tagged, and released three sawfish* in May and June. Read more…

11th Hour Racing Team Wins The Ocean Race With a Focus on Restoring Ocean Health

Placing ocean health and sustainability at the heart of all operations, the U.S.-flagged 11th Hour Racing Team successfully fulfilled its mission by capturing a historic win in The Ocean Race. Charlie Enright is now the first American skipper to lead the U.S. Read more…

Caribbean Seagrasses Provide Services Worth $255B Annually, Including Vast Carbon Storage, Study Shows

Discussions of valuable but threatened ocean ecosystems often focus on coral reefs or coastal mangrove forests. Seagrass meadows get a lot less attention, even though they provide wide-ranging services to society and store lots of climate-warming carbon. Read more…


SEVENSEAS Beach Cleanup & Coral Restoration Events in Marine Protected Areas

In August 2022 CleanUp, we picked up over 80 kilogram of plastic, pieces of glasses, tractor tyre, and fishing nets from the beach in Krabi, Long Beach or Pan Beach. Of course, we would not be able to do it without your support. You can make a tax-deductible donation here to keep our publications and Thailand Cleanup Project afloat.

You can either make a direct financial contribution to SEVENSEAS Media through The Ocean Foundation website or connect us with potential donors by sending an email to  Giacomo Abrusci, our Editor-in-Chief.


The FREE Weekly Conservation Post and Jobs List

Signing up for the free Weekly Newsletter & Jobs List will get you a round-up of upcoming events, webinars, meetings, reports, funding opportunities, photos of the week, and recent postings to the jobs list.

To sign up for our free subscription, please Click Here or email us Here

Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.

Our mission is to promote communication and build partnerships across the global marine community and to identify and address gaps in the community’s work. SEVENSEAS Media achieves this through multimedia promotion and partnerships. The community consists of a diverse and growing group of participants, including non-governmental organizations, government agencies, foundations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, fellowship programs, independent consultants, and academia/students.

If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here


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Feature Destination

Feature Destination: Great Ways to Get Out on the Water in Erie PA

The U.S. Brig Niagara, home-ported in Erie, Pennsylvania, is a reconstruction of Oliver Hazard Perry’s relief flagship during the Battle of Lake Erie. Credit: VisitErie

The Erie area provides the perfect setting for a host of water-based activities. Regardless of whether you own a boat or not, there are numerous ways to immerse yourself in some outdoor fun. From leisurely sunset cruises on a historic vessel to thrilling pirate-themed adventures, fishing expeditions, or basking in the sheer joy of being out on the water, the Erie region has something for everyoneMain photo by Your Sailing Adventure

Step back in time on a Tall Ship  

Sail aboard the Lettie G. Howard and the U.S. Brig Niagara for an unforgettable, step-back-in-time experience.  A designated historical landmark, the Lettie G. Howard is a wooden Fredonia schooner built in 1893 and is the sole surviving example of a George Banks fishing schooner.  The U.S. Brig Niagara is a replica of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s ship from the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. As part of your journey, you’ll experience the art of seamanship and have the chance to participate in hands-on sailing exercises. The Lettie G. sets sail from the foot of State Street and the Niagara is docked in the harbour behind the Erie Maritime Museum

Pontoon Lagoon Tours at Presque Isle State Park

Enjoy a free, one-hour interpretive pontoon boat ride through Misery Bay and Presque Isle’s lagoons. See the plants and animals that live in this wetland habitat and learn its history. Rides are Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, May 26 through September 10 at 9 a.m., 10:30 a.m., and 12:30 p.m. In-person sign-ups begin 15 minutes prior to the start time at the pontoon boat station and are first-come, first-served. Each ride can seat up to 16 people.

Learn Erie’s maritime history on The Lady Kate 

Docked near the Perry Monument at Presque Isle State Park, the Lady Kate takes its passengers on a 90-minute fully narrated educational tour around Presque Isle Bay and Lake Erie (weather permitting). The fact-filled 14-mile excursion highlights Erie’s rich maritime history including the Battle of Lake Erie, the War of 1812, Misery Bay, Gull Point, and Erie’s lighthouses.

Become an official buccaneer on Scallywags Pirate Adventures 

Whether you opt for a family-friendly adventure or an adults-only wobbly pirate cruise, spending time aboard the Scallywags promises a swashbuckling good time! The family voyage includes an interactive voyage complete with water cannons and sword fights and the adult happy hour cruise is filled with drinks, dancing, and the beautiful scenery of Presque Isle Bay. Tours depart from the foot of State Street near the Sheraton Hotel parking garage. 

Victorian Princess-provided by Vict Princess

Cruise onboard the Victorian Princess paddlewheel boat

Reserve your spot aboard the Victorian Princess, an authentic multi-level paddlewheel boat, for a leisurely one or two-hour tour on Presque Isle Bay.  Throughout its sailing season, the Victorian Princess offers a variety of cruises including Sunday brunch, sunset and moonlight cruises, sightseeing tours, and themed parties. Tours depart from the foot of State Street. 

Sunset sailing with Your Sailing Adventure

Make great memories while watching one of Erie’s world-class sunsets from the deck of a luxurious 33’ sailboat, the Sotto Voce. Enjoy a relaxing evening of pleasant conversations, light snacks, and spectacular views. The Sotto Voce is docked in Wolverine Marina near the foot of State Street.

Hook the Catch of the Day

Erie’s fishing charters provide great opportunities to not only see the city and Presque Isle from the water but also to experience some of the best fishing in Pennsylvania. Tight Lines Sport Fishing and GypsyLyn Fishing Charters offer fishing charter trips for perch, walleye, trout, and steelhead.  They can accommodate various-sized groups as well as fishing gear, bait, and coolers. Pennsylvania fishing licenses with a Lake Erie stamp are required.

Rent your own fun!

The Erie area has options to rent your own watercraft for a few hours or the entire day. Port Erie Sports offers a wide selection of boats, jet skis, pontoons, kayaks, and paddleboard rentals.  Hidden Harbor Water Rentals features 22’ or 24’ pontoon boats for rent with optional towable water tubes. Presque Isle Canoe & Boat Livery at Presque Isle State Park has an extensive list of rentals including canoes, kayaks, paddle boards, row boats, motor boats, and pontoons. Relax on the tranquil waters of Edinboro Lake in Edinboro PA aboard a 24’ double-deck pontoon available at Edinboro Lake Resort. They also rent single or double canoes or kayaks for exploring the surrounding waters on a more intimate level.



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Feature Destination

Feature Destination: Great Lakes Hope Spot

The Great Lakes span more than 750 miles (1,207 kilometers) and are straddled across the United States’ north-central border and Canada’s south-central border. The five bodies of water that make up the Great Lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and their connecting channels, including the St. Lawrence River.

Dr. Sylvia Earle, Founder of Mission Blue, posed a challenge to Shedd Aquarium in April 2022 to consider the Great Lakes for Hope Spot designation, in part, due to the unique connectivity they share with marine environments and human health. 

“The Great Lakes represent both the figurative and the literal heart of the North American water system,” Dr. Earle stated. “A source of water for over 40 million people and more than 3,500 plant and animal species, many of which are unique to the Great Lakes, the inclusion of this critically important natural area as a Hope Spot will highlight the connection and significance of protecting inland habitats, as we really understand that the whole aquatic world; inland waters and the ocean beyond are one interconnected system.” 

In May 2023, Mission Blue declared the Great Lakes a Hope Spot, Championed by Chicago’s John G. Shedd Aquarium with support from more than 24 Great Lakes organizations across the region. 

Dr. Sylvia Earle Introduces the Great Lakes Hope Spot

“The Great Lakes serve as a vital economic driver, natural resource and place of respite for millions of people across two countries”, said Bridget Coughlin, PhD, president and CEO of Shedd Aquarium. “By size alone, we know that conserving such a great and important source of sustainability and sustenance cannot be done alone. Hope Spot designations not only bring awareness and focus to areas in need of environmental protection and recovery, but also critical collaboration that can help influence policy change, motivate economic shifts and generate a global wave of community support for aquatic conservation.”

The massive lakes hold approximately 90% of the freshwater in the United States and 21% of the world’s surface freshwater supply. Unfortunately, freshwater habitats are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems (Dudgeon et al. 2006). 

Life Within the Great Lakes

The Great Lakes are home to a variety of endemic species such as fish, mollusks, invertebrates, birds, and mammals as well as oceanic species that either permanently or temporarily reside in the lakes, primarily birds and certain species of fish, including the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Endemic species include lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), as well as critically endangered and possibly extinct species such as  certain varieties of cisco .

Great Conservation Concerns

The conservation and accessibility of freshwater is an ever-growing issue. Threats to the Great Lakes are consistent with those historically faced by most aquatic ecosystems worldwide: habitat loss and degradation, pollution, invasive species, overexploitation and flow modification (Dudgeon et al. 2006). Modern threats have emerged, including pesticides that cause harmful algal blooms, microplastics and a rapidly changing global climate (Ried et al. 2018). Additionally, urbanization and a lack of connectedness to nature can exacerbate the threats to these natural resources, as many people do not regard the Great Lakes as a habitat for diverse aquatic life (Murchie et al. 2018). 

Families enjoying the shores of Lake Michigan © Shedd Aquarium

Despite environmental challenges, the Great Lakes are also a fantastic example of what can be accomplished through both local and binational collaboration, but the work must continue to ensure an equitable, sustainable and thriving future for both people and aquatic life.  


About  Shedd Aquarium 

The John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago sparks compassion, curiosity and conservation for the aquatic animal world. Home to 32,000 aquatic animals representing 1,500 species of fishes, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, birds and mammals from waters around the globe, Shedd is a recognized leader in animal care, conservation education and research. An accredited member of the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA), the organization is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution and supported by the people of Chicago, the State of Illinois and the Chicago Park District.

 Several local, regional, national and international partners supported the bid from Shedd Aquarium to make the Great Lakes a Hope Spot. These partners include: Alliance for the Great Lakes, Aquarium of Niagara, Audubon Great Lakes, Buffalo Zoo, Chicago Park District, Cleveland MetroParks Zoo, Cook County Commissioner Kevin B. Morrison, Cook County Department of Environment and Sustainability, The Detroit Zoological Society, Discovery World Science + Technology Center, Friends of the Chicago River, The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative, Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Haerther Scholars, Healing Our Waters: Great Lakes Coalition, National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, National Wildlife Federation – Great Lakes Regional Center, Openlands, Rep. Danny Davis – U.S. House of Representatives, Rep. Robyn Gabel – Illinois State House of Representatives, Sen. Robert Peters – Illinois State Senate, SC Johnson, Timothy Hoellein – Loyola University Department of Biology, Toronto Zoo and the UIC Freshwater Lab.


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