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Issue 85 - June 2022

The Effect of Marine Conservation Policies in Mexico on Wildlife and Locals

Abstract 

This article highlights implementations of marine policies in Baja California, Mexico. It explains how policies have affected wildlife and roles locals play in conservation issues. Species discussed include the vaquita, totoaba, gray whales, and green sea turtles. Other topics include traditional ecological knowledge in policy making and conservation education initiatives.

Introduction 

Mexico is failing at aligning its marine policy efforts with those that are more structured in developed countries. Smart regulation is an approach used by other countries. This approach combines multiple use policy instruments with professional expertise focusing on environmental issues (Bobadilla et al., 2011). In Mexico there is typically no planning, evaluation or tweaking of management plans. Instead, there is a quick transition into trying a new tactic entirely (Bobadilla et al., 2011). Though not very effective, this concept is not completely unusual. Internationally, environmental regulations tend to follow a ‘learn as you go’ approach and represent strong variability (Bobadilla et al., 2011). In Mexico’s case of a constant tug-of-war battle between decrees, objectives and justifications have remained unchanged. This leaves room to question the legitimacy of these decrees. Some ponder if a lack of regulation and scrutinization has led to the failure of effective policy making. The ability to repair such damaged marine ecosystems and species remains an inquiry (Bobadilla et al., 2011). 

Gray Whales 

a ray whale swimming on the surface of the ocean

The worldwide conservation sector keeps watch on the Gulf of California, which is a highly productive and diverse marine environment. This ecosystem yields successful breeding and rearing across multiple species, and experiences the heaviest fishing traffic in Mexico (Bobadilla et al., 2011). The Gulf of California provides refuge for critically endangered species and offers space for locals to practice fishing traditions. Magdalena Bay is the largest natural deep-water bay in Southern Baja California. It is heavily trafficked for resource and tourism use, and often untouched due to remoteness from civilization. The bay is a historical place to spot migration of gray whales along the Baja Peninsula from January to April. It is sacred territory for housing the third highest numbers of this species in Baja California (Hastings & Fischer, 2001). Magdalena Bay holds strong environmental value, and is a hotspot for conservation by NGOs (non-governmental organization). The economic importance of Magdalena Bay coupled with political and socio-economic conditions make it difficult to stamp it as protected. This causes compartmentalized management of ecotourism, commercial fishing, and ecological rectitude. 

The sun rises on top of a mountain in the early morning in Baja California, Mexico. Unexpectedly, whales were spotted migrating across the horizon.

Protection of gray whales in Mexico started in the 1970s. This allowed legislation to start regulating human activity around the species. In the late 1980s the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection became significant in Mexico’s environmental legislative history. It handed off gray whale conservation management responsibility to an agency called SEDUE (Guarantor’s Ministry of Urban Development and Ecology) (Dedina, 2000). Although this movement towards environmental legislation was paramount for Mexico, laws to protect gray whales are hard to implement. Presidential terms disrupt government policies, funds lack to enforce environmental laws, and uneasiness exists among government officials in executing regulations (Dedina, 2000).

Green Sea Turtles 

History of turtle hunting and consumption in Baja California, Mexico dates back to pre-Columbian times. Over ten years of legal protection, it is estimated that up to 30,000 turtles are still harvested annually (Wallace, 2003). Fishermen have limited educational backgrounds and laws are not always communicated appropriately to them. They are not aware that green turtles have slow growth rates and delayed maturation, making their population harder to recover (Wallace, 2003). Law enforcement is limited by insufficient equipment, staff, and acts of corruption in the form of bribery to political leaders. 

Steering efforts in a more positive direction could include offering income sources to locals based around environmentally appropriate eco-tourism initiatives. Supplementing professionals who act as mediators between policy makers and locals could create solutions that benefit most parties involved. Earlier education on the biology, research, and species status is needed as most locals are unaware of this (Wallace, 2003). Involving community members in research could provide them an extra source of income. Increasing highway checks in areas where turtle contraband is commonly transported could pivot effects of the trading industry (Wallace, 2003).

With the implementation of new practices, some success in green sea turtle conservation has been documented. The media is more involved in sea turtle conservation and Mexico is gaining international support in conservation efforts. Fishermen are reporting increased sightings of flipper tags on turtles, and citizen-based sea turtle conservation programs are continually developing (Wallace, 2003). These results are eye-opening for conservation planning and regulation by legislation. This shows how useful a multi-disciplinary approach is for resource management (Wallace, 2003) as compared to a rotation of one instrument approaches (Bobadilla et al., 2011).

Local fishermen partner with Miami University’s Global Field Graduate Program to provide transportation to students and staff during daily expeditions in Baja California, Mexico.

Vaquita Porpoise

The vaquita porpoise is an endemic species of Mexico found in the Upper Gulf of California (Bobadilla et al., 2011). In 2018 there were an estimated 30 vaquita porpoises (Manjarrez-Bringas et al., 2018). The difficulty in saving this species is that most of their population resides near El Golfo de Santa Clara. This is where locals depend on fishing as their way of life. After failed attempts to recover vaquita porpoises, new conservation alternatives were tried. The use of environmentally friendly fishing gear was encouraged. Fishermen were paid $40,000 in exchange for their fishing permits. Locals were encouraged to pursue more sustainable ways to provide income. The failure of these initiatives were a result of neglecting the social and economic ties of fishing in the community (Manjarrez-Bringas et al., 2018). Fishermen still fish unsustainably with harmful equipment. Compensation for trading in fishing permits had a low success rate. Those who did participate in the program are not finding success in their new chosen jobs. Negative incidents between fisherman and conservation organizations also make it difficult to form positive working relationships. 

Though the fishing community plays a role in the status of the vaquita porpoise, so does the damming of the Colorado River. The damming has caused poor health of the estuary where the limited number of vaquita reside. Their habitat currently reflects a marine environment versus an estuary (Manjarrez-Bringas et al., 2018). Habitat restoration for wild populations is imperative. The capture and placement of the species in captivity has yet to be successful. Lastly, the Mexican government needs to reapproach the U.S. government about the issue of the damming of the Colorado River. Suggestions to reconvene on enabling the appropriate amount of freshwater flow into the Upper Gulf of California is dire (Manjarrez-Bringas et al., 2018). 

Totoaba 

Overfishing of totoaba is another hard-to-defeat conservation management issue. The species went from being abundant in the early 1900s to population numbers crashing near the 1950s. After this crash, legislation banned shark fishing to reduce totoaba bycatch. Nearing the 1970s they decided to permanently close the Gulf of California to commercial fishing of totoaba (Bobadilla et al., 2011). Illegal fishing still occurs with laws in place, showing a lack of regulation. This is seen through a direct quote by a fisherman saying, “we fish it despite this measure”. This means they are aware of the illegality of fishing totoaba, but do it anyway (Bobadilla et al., 2011, p.1001). The laws created were not made to interfere with shrimp fishing which causes an immense amount of juvenile totoaba bycatch. It is suggested that the number of deaths of juvenile totoaba caused by shrimping bycatch was known for decades by fisheries. These deaths were never reported, aiding in the species’ decline over time (Bobadilla et al., 2011). 

a man standing on the beach is holding a large fish with his two hands
NOAA Fisheries picture from 1992 showing a vaquita, bottom, captured as bycatch along with a totoaba in Sonora, Mexico. Image by NOAA.

Like other items on the black market, totoaba swim bladders are used in Chinese medicines. The illegal fishing of totoaba will endure as long as their swim bladders are in high demand. Risking this illegal behavior is worth it to fishermen for the high prices the cartel pays for their help (Alvarado Martinez & Martinez, 2018). The cartel being involved in this business makes it hard for Mexican law enforcement to gain control. It is suggested that some government officials are paid off or threatened by the cartel if they try to intervene. Judicial and investigative resources are lacking, decreasing the ability for officials to fully uphold the laws (Alvarado Martinez & Martinez, 2018). The gillnets used to catch totoaba also result in the by-catch of vaquita, continuing to kill two birds with one stone.   

Traditional Ecological Knowledge 

Most researchers do not seek out knowledge or opinions of locals who are most familiar with the hotspots being studied. If their expertise is sought out it is rarely cited in scientific papers, neglecting giving credit where it is due (Baker et al., 2019). Meghann McDonald, Executive Director of Vermilion Sea Institute, believes strong community alliances are key for success. She noted:

When you invite everyone into the community and assign important roles, the pressure to act better is higher. Hard conversations become easier to have. Outside, global pressure telling locals what to do is not an effective way to mitigate issues and understand one another. We need to go into other communities asking them what they can teach us. We should not be entering foreign territory assuming that we will teach them (M. McDonald, Personal Communication, July 26, 2021).

Meghann McDonald helped to spearhead the Aventureros program, hosted at the Vermilion Sea Institute. The program educates and involves local children in marine conservation research and stewardship. Without the creation of Aventureros, those involved would have much less exposure to the natural world around them.

Conclusion 

Mexican legislation should focus on reevaluating failed conservation management techniques by considering assessments and restructuring resource management policies. Concerns around socio-economics and the livelihood of locals need to be taken into consideration when putting restrictions on fisheries. These regulations are usually rejected and ignored causing strife between locals and government agencies. They are also proving ineffective when it comes to protecting and nourishing endangered species (Manjarraz-Bringas et al., 2018). Environmental organizations should include locals and their traditional ecological knowledge in research and conservation programs. The trial and error tactics of management and interference in fishing communities cannot be the path legislation continues to follow. If so, it could mean detrimental disruption to marine organisms and their habitats. It is important that Mexican environmental policy makers be charged with the job of focusing more on legitimite policies. They must justify, as a matter of fact, there is reason and research to defend projected success of newly proposed regulations.


About The Author

Alissa Eurell is a master’s student studying conservation biology with Miami University’s Project Dragonfly. Her studies focus on marine conservation management and policy making. She is currently a Carnivore Keeper II at the Nashville Zoo in Tennessee.


Literature Cited


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Issue 85 - June 2022

SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – June 2022 – Issue 85


Featured Destination

Underwater in the Galápagos: A Lesson in Human Connection

Throughout this journey, some said they were terrified, while others said they were proud. Taking all into account, never underestimate the power of learning everything you can, doing everything you can, kindness, and patience in changing someone’s life and being passionate about making a change. Read more…

The Adventure in GALAPAGOS WEST

The Galapagos archipelago, on everyone’s bucket list, is one of the planet’s last wild and incredible places. We have chartered the S/S Mary Anne, one of the best boats operating in the national park. On this itinerary, we will visit Fernandina Island which is considered to be one of the most pristine islands anywhere in the world. Read more…

Weeklong Galapagos Glamping + Island Hopping Adventure

The Finch Bay Galapagos Hotel (on Santa Cruz Island) has joined forces with Scalesia Galapagos Lodge (on Isabela Island) to offer a week-long program in the Galapagos, including inter-island flights, day trips to Galapagos National Park aboard a private yacht, “glamping” in the highlands of Isabela Island, and visits to remote and mysterious places that illustrate the incredible diversity of the archipelago. Read more…

Conservation Photography with Karim & Jack


What’s In Our Newsroom

Immerse Yourself in the Culture of Professional Sailing and Celebrate our Blue Planet at #OceanHour Week with 11th Hour Racing

11th Hour Racing will host a free week-long, ocean-themed initiative in Newport, R.I., from June 12 to 18, to celebrate 11th Hour Racing Team’s return to Narragansett Bay, the organization announced. Read more…

Celebrate World Ocean Day This Week!

The 8th of June – World Ocean Day – is a special time to celebrate and honor our one shared ocean! Although our ocean needs protecting and celebrating 365 days of the year, we invite everyone to take action and participate in World Ocean Day to provide extra support and engagement in honor of our blue planet in June. Read more…

Walton Family Foundation Urges Action on Seafood Traceability Ahead of World Oceans Day

A new Morning Consult poll commissioned by the Walton Family Foundation shows a majority of Americans (70%) want their seafood to be sourced sustainably and that Americans want to know where their food is processed (65%), an important step in ensuring seafood is sourced by companies with high environmental and human rights standards. Read more…

SAWFISH NEWS: To See a Sawfish in Public Aquariums and Making Conservation Connections by Guest Authors Paula Carlson & Jennie Janssen

Since the early 1930’s when the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago displayed a smalltooth sawfish for the first time, public aquariums have created connections between people and these incredibly unique, and now critically endangered, rays. Read more…

New Study Shows Komodo National Park Holds Some of The Largest Aggregations of Manta Rays

Black manta ray in Komodo National Park, Indonesia

Through a collaborative effort between citizen divers, scientists from the Marine Megafauna Foundation (MMF), and Murdoch University, a new study reports a large number of manta rays in the waters of Komodo National Park, Indonesian, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, suggesting the area may hold the key to the regional recovery of the threatened species. Read more…

The Effect of Marine Conservation Policies in Mexico on Wildlife and Locals

whale banner

This article highlights implementations of marine policies in Baja California, Mexico. It explains how policies have affected wildlife and the roles locals play in conservation issues. Species discussed include the vaquita, totoaba, grey whales, and green sea turtles. Other topics include traditional ecological knowledge in policy making and conservation education initiatives. Read more…

New Curtin Research Resurrects ‘LOST’ Coral Species

David Juszkiewicz with a Plesiastrea coral. Photo - Nicole Carey banner

With about one-third of the world’s corals currently under threat of extinction due to climate change, Curtin researchers have made the encouraging discovery of a ‘lost’ species of coral that had been hidden for more than 50 years. Read more…

NOAA Forecasts Average-Size Gulf of Mexico Summer ‘Dead Zone’

A team of scientists including a University of Michigan aquatic ecologist is forecasting a summer “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico of 5,364 square miles, about average for the 35-year history of the measurements. Read more…

Cultivating the Future of Marine Conservation

The Next Swell is a non-profit organization established to cultivate future generations of scientists and marine conservationists through education and opportunity. Read more…

Students Beautifully Illustrate a Ridge-to-Reef Approach to Coral Reef Conservation

The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation is thrilled to announce the winners of their annual student art competition, the Science Without Borders® Challenge. Read more…

2021 Was a Historic Year for Salish Sea Whales

In 2021, more whales were seen in the Salish Sea than ever before, spelling hopes for Bigg’s killer whales, humpbacks and even the endangered southern resident killer whale. Read more…

Turning The Tide on Ocean Plastic Pollution in the Maldives

A goatfish caught and killed by a ghost net

The net retrieval and turtle release project which saw the International Pole and Line Foundation partner with the Olive Ridley Project utilised the unique position of Maldivian one-by-one fishers to help clean up the oceans. Read more…

Ocean: UNESCO Launches Emergency Plan to Boost World Heritage-Listed Reefs’ Resilience

All World Heritage-listed reefs are at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. On the occasion of the Our Ocean Conference in Palau, Audrey Azoulay, UNESCO Director-General, announces an emergency plan to give them the best chance of survival, with the support of the Global Fund for Coral Reefs. She also calls for an international mobilization to prevent coral reef extinction. Read more…

4 Tips for Sustainably Hitting the Roads Instead of the Sky

Destination vacations are fantastic, from beautiful sights to the rich local culture and history. In a world on the brink of catastrophic ecological devastation, however, even our trips should adhere to sustainable guidelines. Eco-friendly travel focuses on this goal—specifically, adapting one’s vacation travel habits to better suit and sustain the local area and the environment generally. Read more…


The FREE Weekly Conservation Post and Jobs List

Signing up for the free Weekly Newsletter & Jobs List will get you a round-up of upcoming events, webinars, meetings, reports, funding opportunities, photos of the week, and recent postings to the jobs list.

To sign up for our free subscription, please Click Here or email us Here

Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.

Our mission is to promote communication and build partnerships across the global marine community and to identify and address gaps in the community’s work. SEVENSEAS Media achieves this through multimedia promotion and partnerships. The community consists of a diverse and growing group of participants, including non-governmental organizations, government agencies, foundations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, fellowship programs, independent consultants, and academia/students.

If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here


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Feature Destination

Feature Destination: The Adventure in GALAPAGOS

a visual map representing the location of a trip in Galápagos Islands
The map is a visual representation of the locations included in this trip. Click over the image to zoom into the map. For more information, please refer to the itinerary for this expedition.

The Galapagos archipelago, on everyone’s bucket list, is one of the planet’s last wild and incredible places. We have chartered the S/S Mary Anne, one of the best boats operating in the national park. On this itinerary, we will visit Fernandina Island which is considered to be one of the most pristine islands anywhere in the world. We will walk on bare lava, come face to face with blue-footed boobies and display frigate birds. We will wander the highlands for giant tortoises, be amazed by hundreds of unique marine iguanas basking at our feet and get up close and personal with the endemic flightless cormorants. We will swim with penguins and sharks, interact with curious sea lions, snorkel alongside green sea turtles and be surrounded by yellow-tailed surgeonfish. To the islands that inspired Charles Darwin, we have customized this family charter to offer the fun and the educational trip of a lifetime.

TRIP DETAILS: General Information

USD $7,950.00/person sharing a cabin
SINGLE SUPPLEMENT: none but limited to 4 spaces
ARRIVAL: José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport, Guayaquil, Ecuador
DEPARTURE: José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport, Guayaquil, Ecuador
ARRIVAL TIME: 9 December 2022

a sea turtle swimming in the reef in Galapagos Islands

INCLUDED

  •  Hotel in Guayaquil the night prior to departure to Galapagos.
  •  Airport transfers.
  •  7 nights accommodation aboard the S/S Mary Anne.
  •  All meals, drinking water, tea and coffee aboard the vessel.
  •  Naturalist guide plus one Pete Oxford Expeditions trip leader.
  •  All activities, including INGALA fee and loan of snorkel gear.

NOT INCLUDED

  •  International airfare to and from Guayaquil.
  •  Domestic airfare between Guayaquil and Galapagos return. **Please note: For the domestic airfare Guayaquil-Galapagos-Guayaquil we will have a group block booking. DO NOT BOOK YOUR OWN FLIGHTS.
  •  Galapagos National Park entrance fee, international or domestic departure taxes and passport expenses.
  •  Tips to guide and crew.
  •  Items of a personal nature include laundry, postage, shipboard bar, personal shopping and internet.
  •  Hire wetsuits while on board.
  •  Additional hotel nights are not mentioned in the itinerary.
  •  Any COVID 19 tests or related costs.

INTINERY

Day 1, December 9th, 2022: Guayaquil

After arriving at the José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil, we will transfer to the hotel for the night. Dinner is on your own.

Day 2, December 10th, 2022: Baltra Island, Santa Cruz Island Highlands, Santa Cruz Island, Charles Darwin Station

After breakfast in our hotel, we fly to Baltra Island, the gateway to the Galapagos. On arrival, we immediately transfer to the dock to board the S/S Mary Anne to settle in and for our introductory briefing. Our first activity begins after lunch as we travel across the island of Santa Cruz towards Puerto Ayora to visit the Charles Darwin Station. We will be making a stop along the way to find wild tortoises where we will come face to face with these 600 lb (270 kg) prehistoric giants in the lush highlands, a remarkable first encounter! Beginning tonight and until the morning of day 8, we eat and overnight aboard our vessel the S/S Mary Anne.

From the archipelago’s largest town of Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, we visit the world-renowned Charles Darwin Research Station to learn more about the history and science of the islands. Finches are easily photographed in this area as we explore the station. Returning through town, we have a chance to shop for souvenirs or continue photographing the juxtaposition of the abundant wildlife in the urban environment.

Day 3, December 11th, 2022 : Floreana Island: Punta Cormorant, Off Floreana Island ⎯ Devil’s Crown, and Post Office Bay

At Punta Cormorant, on Floreana Island, we land on a beach where the sand has a greenish tinge caused by large amounts of a volcanic mineral called olivine. Here sea lions, wading birds and Darwin’s finches all greet us on arrival. We walk through mangroves and unique vegetation, some of which grows nowhere else in the world but this island, to arrive at a saltwater lagoon where startlingly pink flamingos nest and feed.

A short repositioning of the S/S Mary Anne and some exhilarating snorkelling off the Devil’s Crown, a sunken cinder cone, is our next highlight. The coral reef in the center is perfect for attracting large schools of fish. Turtles, rays and, with luck, even some hammerhead sharks could be swimming below us on the outside of the crater. In the afternoon, at the historic Post Office Barrel, we can send a few postcards home and, in so doing, maintain a centuries-old tradition. In 1793, British navigators placed a large wooden barrel here, to leave messages and mail to be carried by homebound colleagues. The tradition has continued until the present day, with the barrel being replaced when necessary. Visiting yachts have added their calling cards, too.

Day 4, December 12th, 2022: Floreana Island: Black Beach, Navigation, and Whale Watching

Landing at Black Beach on Floreana, we learn about the most renowned human history to come out of the islands: the story of Margaret Witmer, the Baroness, the Ritters, lover affairs and murder. Floreana was the first island in the archipelago to be inhabited, as it has one of the very few freshwater sources. We visit the highland areas of this inhabited island looking for the Floreana-endemic medium tree finch.

In the afternoon, we will navigate into the rich waters of the western islands. On the way, we have a very high chance of spotting whales and dolphins. With plenty of deck space on the back of our yacht, we can spend the entire time outside birding and looking for marine mammals in comfort.

Day 5, December 13th, 2022: Isabela Island: Punta Moreno & Elizabeth Bay

We now venture into the ‘wilder’ side of the Galapagos for three days, where penguins, cormorants and marine iguanas flourish! Against an austere backdrop, we will explore the region in all its majesty. After anchoring at Punta Morena off Isabela Island, we will hike on superb pahoehoe lava flows in search of endemic plants and a brackish lagoon which is home to flamingos and pintail ducks, all the while against the backdrop of basaltic volcanoes.

Following the coast of western Isabela Island, we will depart the S/S Mary Anne in our pangas (inflatable motor boats) to explore the more hidden regions of a mangrove labyrinth. We will see Galapagos shearwaters, brown noddy terns, blue-footed boobies, Galapagos penguins and the more uncommon flightless cormorants. The quiet waters in the bay are a refuge for young sea lions, turtles and baby sharks. This is also one of the best places to see and photograph golden rays.

Day 6, December 14th, 2022: Isabela Island (Urbina Bay) and Fernandina Island (Punta Espinosa)

We will begin today with a wet landing on a black volcanic sand beach in this geologically uplifted area. On a relatively short hike, we can usually observe another species of the giant tortoise. We will also search for large, yellow, land iguanas and more of the finch species that inspired Charles Darwin. After our walk, we will go for a snorkel in the hopes of being accompanied by a few Galapagos penguins.

On Fernandina, the world’s largest, most pristine island, we land directly into the heart of Darwin’s ‘Imps of Darkness’, the marine iguana ‘capital’ of the world. As we sit or walk the shoreline, the world’s only truly marine lizard will be strewn at our feet in dense congregations. We will watch the endemic flightless cormorants in hopes of observing their courtship ritual, all the while being entertained by jovial sea lions. Turning inland, we face a dramatic and inhospitable vista of lava and pioneer vegetation of the archipelago’s youngest island. This is our favourite snorkelling area, as we will swim with turtles and myriad fish species and look for Galapagos penguins, flightless cormorants and marine iguanas feeding underwater.

Day 7, December 15th, 2022: Isabela Island(Tagus Cove) and Isabela Islan (Punta Vicente Roca)

At Tagus Cove, a hike leads us to an overview of a flooded crater, Darwin’s Lake, and onward through a stunning volcanic landscape for a true understanding of how the hot lava of the Earth’s core has moulded the Galapagos Islands – geologist heaven! Tagus Cove is also a historic hideaway from which pirates would ransack the whaling fleets hunting in the area. Even today, graffiti dating back as far as 1836, one year after Darwin’s visit, can be found carved in the rock face.

One of our top snorkelling sites, we take to the deep water in search of penguins, rays, turtles, flightless cormorants and a host of fish species, some only found in the western isles. A panga ride along the dramatic cliffs of Ecuador Volcano, straddling the equator, gives us the opportunity to photograph blue-footed boobies, brown noddies and amazing geological features.

Day 8, December 16th, 2022: Santiago Island (Espumilla Beach), Santiago Islan (Buccaneer Cove), and Santiago Island (Puerto Egas)

To the land of pirates and buccaneers! We head first to the golden sands of a turtle nesting beach and, on a forested trail, into the hinterland where pirates once hunted goats for food. The long, golden, sandy beach has a mangrove backdrop and there are several species of Darwin’s finches at this landing site.

Cruising Buccaneer Cove, we see where ships were careened (hauled out and cleaned) back in the 17th and 18th centuries. Some of the largest specimens of palo santo trees we will see are home to friendly Galapagos flycatchers, yellow warblers and Darwin’s finches.

In Puerto Egas, also on Santiago Island, after a wet landing onto another dark sand volcanic beach, we will hike to submerged lava grottos where we will commune with endemic fur seals that consider the grottos home. Along the shoreline, we can watch Sally-lightfoot crabs, herons, oystercatchers and waders. At low tide, this is an excellent site for tide pooling. After a good long walk, we’ll cool off with another great snorkel.

Day 9, December 17th, 2022: North Seymour Island and Baltra Airport

Following another fantastic snorkel, we land on North Seymour Island. Here we will enter the habitat of another kind of pirate: the frigatebird. These birds are known for stealing the meals of smaller birds and frequently even shaking boobies in mid-air to force them to regurgitate their prize. We will watch their display as the males show off their bright red pouches to attract the females. On this island, we will walk through nesting blue-footed boobies, Nazca boobies and frigatebirds, all the while encountering more land iguanas and sealions.

After our visit on North Seymour, we head back to the island of Baltra and the airport to fly back to mainland Ecuador for our onward flights home.

NB This itinerary is subject to change at the discretion of the Galapagos National Park Service. For more Info, please visit https://www.peteoxfordexpeditions.com.



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Issue 85 - June 2022

Ocean: UNESCO Launches Emergency Plan to Boost World Heritage-Listed Reefs’ Resilience

All World Heritage-listed reefs are at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. On the occasion of the Our Ocean Conference in Palau, Audrey Azoulay, UNESCO Director-General, announces an emergency plan to give them the best chance of survival, with the support of the Global Fund for Coral Reefs. She also calls for an international mobilization to prevent coral reef extinction.

UNESCO World Heritage coral reefs cover over half a million km2 worldwide – the equivalent of the size of France – exhibiting exceptional biodiversity. They play a critical role in absorbing carbon emissions and protect coastlines from storms and erosion. Over a hundred indigenous communities are directly dependent on them for their subsistence. Moreover, they serve as reference points on the impacts of climate change affecting reefs everywhere.

But the scientific data concerning these coral reefs is now very alarming. Reefs are bleaching far more rapidly than the initial science suggested. These ‘bleached’ corals are highly vulnerable to starvation and disease and have an increasingly high mortality rate. This year, for the first time, mass coral bleaching also occurred in a traditionally cooler, La Niña period. Under the current emissions scenario, all World Heritage-listed reefs are at risk of disappearing by the end of this century.

Reducing local pressures to give reefs the best chance of survival

Warming ocean temperatures, due to global CO2 emissions, are the biggest threat to coral reefs globally. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) data confirms that States must drastically reduce carbon emissions to meet the targets under the Paris Agreement concluded in 2015. But most coral reefs also face a mix of local pressures, such as pollution, overfishing, or habitat destruction. UNESCO is mobilizing its resources and its partners to reduce local pressures and give coral reefs their best chance of survival in this rapidly changing environment. 

 “On the occasion of the Our Ocean Conference in Palau, I call for an international mobilization to prevent coral reef extinction and announce a strong contribution from UNESCO: an emergency plan to boost the resilience of World Heritage-listed reefs, in particular those in developing countries. UNESCO is partnering with the Global Fund for Coral Reefs to help finance this commitment,” announced today Audrey Azoulay, UNESCO Director-General.

The partnership between UNESCO and the UN-led private/public Global Fund for Coral Reefs will step up investment for climate resilience strategies across World Heritage-listed reefs in developing countries. The actions will focus on reducing local drivers of degradation, strengthening the sustainable management of marine protected areas and supporting local communities. The partnership will explore joint opportunities for prioritization of support to the 19* out of 29 World Heritage-listed reefs are located in developing countries.

“Global warming means that local reef conservation practices are no longer enough to protect the world’s most important reef ecosystems. But a healthy, resilient reef can regenerate after a bleaching incident and survive,” explained Fanny Douvere, Head of Marine Program at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

The success of UNESCO’s Resilient Reefs Initiative

This new large-scale plan will build on the successful Resilient Reefs Initiative launched by UNESCO and partners at the previous Our Ocean Summit in 2018. For the past four years, they have worked on 4 World Heritage reef pilot sites in Australia, Belize, France (New Caledonia) and Palau. The Resilient Reefs Initiative demonstrates that local pressures can be reduced through active intervention and that empowering local communities helps them to adapt their income and livelihoods to the changing realities.

For example, in the Southern Lagoon of the Rock Islands (Palau), the Resilient Reefs Initiative trains local rangers and communities in the latest science and skills in fisheries management, adaptation and resilience. The design of a fishing permit system to control access, the implementation of fish size limits to increase spawning biomass, and the protection of habitats ensuring the life history of species will all help to create the conditions in which fish stocks can rebound.

On Australia’s Ningaloo Coast, the Resilient Reefs Initiative is developing solutions to facilitate coral reproduction. When coral dies because of an event such as bleaching, bits break off and accumulate on the reef, creating a type of ‘rubble’ which prevents new coral from growing. For fertilized eggs to settle and reproduce on a reef, the surface must be clean and hard. The solution, tested as part of the initiative, is to fit small star-shaped structures made of steel bars onto the reef which allow fertilized eggs to settle and grow. The ‘stars’ are built by local indigenous people, thus creating local employment.

The Resilient Reefs Initiative continues until 2024, with a total of USD$ 10 million mobilized.

Reefs at the heart of the UN Ocean Decade 2021-2030

From this new plan to boost World Heritage-listed reef resilience to using water quality monitoring to protect coral reefs in Tanzania, to deploying nanotechnology to make reefs more resilient in the Caribbean, reef conservation and recovery are among key actions endorsed by UNESCO as part of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030 (The “Ocean Decade”). Launched in 2021 under UNESCO’s coordination, the United Nations Ocean Decade brings together scientists, ocean managers, indigenous and local communities, and public and private investment to co-design solutions for conserving and revitalizing reef ecosystems around the world.


About UNESCO

UNESCO is the UN agency in charge of ocean sciences. It coordinates global programs such as ocean mapping, tsunami risk prevention, biosphere marine reserves, as well as numerous scientific research projects and ocean literacy. UNESCO leads the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, from 2021 to 2030. This year, the Decade is reflected in the organization of major international summits, including Our Ocean Conference (Palau, 13-14 April).

About Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) 

The Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) was launched in 2020 by the United Nations, the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, with the support of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). It aims to mobilize USD$ 625 million by 2030.


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