Issue 100 - September 2023
MSU Forestry Professor Called Upon for Deforestation Expertise in Mayan Forest
Contributed by Jack Falinski

EAST LANSING, Mich. — To address deforestation and stimulate the production of non-timber forest products for communities within the Mayan Forest Zone, the second largest area of tropical forest in the Americas (which includes large areas of Belize, Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula), David MacFarlane is working with the forest — not against it.
MacFarlane, a professor within Michigan State University’s Department of Forestry, said he was invited with a group of entomologists in February 2020 to visit the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico to help examine declining bee populations in light of the changing forest landscape.
“I was the only person who wasn’t an entomologist and didn’t study bees who was invited from MSU,” MacFarlane said. “I was invited because I’m a professor of forestry, and I have international experience (on forest conservation research).”
After speaking with local researchers and policymakers, MacFarlane said it became evident the negative impact deforestation was having on native bee populations.
The Yucatán Peninsula’s landscape, naturally covered by forests, has rapidly been changing because of pressures to urbanize it, as well as to clear it for agricultural purposes. That’s bad news for the bees that rely upon the forest habitats to survive.
So, instead of clearing the forest for other uses, MacFarlane proposed a project to reinvent ancient Mayan practices that were once commonly performed within the forest. While Mayan people and their historical cultivation practices are still in the area today, their practices are under intense pressure to change from global market competition.
“The Mayans traditionally gardened the forest,” he said. “The way they survived in this harsh climate was to keep the forest layers intact, but then they cultivated the forest and opened up clearings for more annual crops, harvesting fruits and herbs.”

MacFarlane is conducting research on “analog” forest systems, which aims to economically and socially strengthen rural communities. This research emphasizes conservation of forests through the sustainable cultivation of high-value, organic forest crops informed by the traditional concept of Mayan “Forest Gardens.”
“If we can increase the value of the forest and land — make the forest more valuable to people — then they would be less likely to clear them and convert them for other land uses,” said MacFarlane, whose pilot research is supported by MSU AgBioResearch.
As part of the bee project, MacFarlane has been working with researchers to conduct two case studies: The first is in the coastal mangrove forests of the region on honey production, and the second is on vanilla production in the Yucatán Peninsula’s inland forests.
Mangrove forests not only protect the land from coastal storms, but they’re also home to 80% of the seafood species in the region.
“If we lose the mangrove forests, we’ll lose most of our seafood in those areas,” MacFarlane said.
Working with local women’s groups in coastal communities, MacFarlane and his Mexican colleagues Jorge Herrera from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute and Javier Quezada from the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán built special nest boxes to attract a native stingless bee species known for producing honey. Producing honey from these bees, known in Mayan as “Sak Xic,” also helps to pollinate black mangroves.

Therefore, the relationship between the bees and the forests is reciprocal: The bees use the forests as habitats to produce honey, and the forests depend on the bees for regeneration.
The first boxes were introduced to the forests in January and have already resulted in honey production. MacFarlane said the study might be the first to produce mangrove honey from a native stingless bee species.
Ultimately, he wants the people of these communities to continue using this system to harvest honey and generate income to add more value to their local forests.

For the second study, MacFarlane and Quezada’s lab are experimenting with forest-grown vanilla — a high-value crop traditionally native to the region’s forests but introduced overseas after the Spanish conquered the territory. Eighty percent of all vanilla is now grown in Madagascar.
Vanilla is an orchid vine which grows on trees that originally produced beans through natural pollination. Today, it is mainly grown on wooden poles and pollinated by hand, said MacFarlane.
“We’re working with agronomists to reintroduce vanilla into patches of forest and to see if they can be grown organically in the forest — the way that nature intended them to grow,” MacFarlane said.
The first vanilla vines under study, planted about two and a half years ago, flowered this year. MacFarlane and his team are trying to figure out which native orchid bee species pollinate vanilla and how much production could come from natural pollination.
MacFarlane said if the bees the researchers are studying were to naturally pollinate the orchid vines, the labor costs to hand pollinate them would decrease.
Through their initial research, the scientists discovered that natural pollination is occurring to a degree. However, it remains unknown which species is doing it.
“The bees we thought were going to pollinate (the vanilla orchids) haven’t so far, but the Mexican students observing the flowers didn’t see which species did,” MacFarlane said. “Something naturally pollinated the vanilla, we just don’t know what it is.”

He said new vanilla vines will soon be planted within other communities to further advance the research.
If these pilot programs are successful, MacFarlane said he hopes that other people will replicate them on their own land.
“Think of Michigan,” MacFarlane said. “A lot of people produce maple syrup (using forests). They could do other things with that land, right? They could clear it and put a cabin on it. They could clear it and put a cornfield on it, but they keep their sugar bush intact because they want to tap it for maple syrup.”
“There needs to be some incentives to keep the forests and the trees standing.”
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Feature Destination
Feature Destination: Tunisia’s Marine Protected Areas and Their Role in Conservation

Tunisia’s marine protected areas serve as significant sanctuaries for varied marine life and ecosystems, combating the adverse impacts of human activities and climate change. One such area is the impending marine protected area around the Kuriat Islands, which plays a crucial role as a primary nesting site for sea turtles in the Mediterranean, holding the potential to preserve varied species and bolster declining fish stocks. The Galite Archipelago, another noteworthy marine area in the process of receiving protected status, along with the Kneiss Islands and the Zembra and Zembretta Islands, signifies the extensive endeavors by Tunisia to conserve marine biodiversity. These islands are particularly critical for maintaining ecological balance, being habitats to diverse marine species and acting as refuge and feeding grounds, thus indirectly aiding in sustaining the local fisheries.
Tunisia’s marine protected regions are typically governed by management plans outlined in international conventions like those of Barcelona and Rio de Janeiro and are reflective of the guidelines proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The endeavors to protect these areas are marked by a collaboration between governmental bodies, local communities, and NGOs, establishing various measures such as stricter fishing regulations, environmental education initiatives, and enhanced surveillance to ensure the sustained well-being of these marine environments. However, despite the comprehensive protective measures, these areas are constantly threatened by illegal fishing practices, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, and other human-induced activities, emphasizing the need for continuous efforts and international cooperation to safeguard the fragile marine ecosystems and the rich biodiversity they host.
Ocean: A Habitat Under Siege
Oceans, with their delicate equilibrium, confront an array of threats. Overfishing stands as a paramount threat, stripping oceans of their biodiversity and disrupting marine food chains. Alarming statistics reveal over 55% of the ocean’s surface is undergoing intensive resource exploitation, affecting fish stocks and potentially leading to marine ecosystem collapse.
Mehdi Aissi, leading the marine program at WWF Tunisia, depicts a grim image of a 60% decline in marine stocks since the 1990s due to irresponsible fishing and extraction practices, notably during breeding seasons.
Bottom trawling, another severe danger, wreaks havoc in marine ecosystems, impacting carbon stocks and leading to the decimation of coastal habitats like Posidonia meadows and coral reefs. Moreover, our activities introduce pollutants that are detrimental to marine life, which when combined with climate change, tip the balance of marine areas, raising substantial concerns about the future of marine biodiversity.

Defending Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) serve as sanctuaries to shield marine ecosystems against burgeoning threats, ensuring a sustainable future. MPAs, established with stringent governance structures, are categorized into strictly closed, temporarily closed or regulated, and open MPAs, each reflecting diverse conservation policies and contributing to the preservation of marine wealth.
In Tunisia, under the spotlight of MedPAN, numerous sites are ascending the ladder to achieve MPA status, including the Kuriat Islands and the Galite Archipelago. Here, comprehensive management plans are in place, with areas awaiting formal recognition. Tunisia, post-2014, has embraced a meticulous creation process involving extensive public consultation, emphasizing the importance of sustainable management in marine areas.
MPAs play a pivotal role in conserving endangered species like sea turtles, whose habitats are jeopardized by human activities, such as tourism and the subsequent pollution in the form of artificial lights and plastics. Remarkably, through responsible management, turtle nests have experienced a notable increase, showcasing the recuperative power of MPAs.
Collective Conservation Efforts:
Notre Grand Bleu association in Monastir is a testament to the sustainable practices undertaken within MPAs, monitoring sea turtles and emphasizing ecological conservation. Their hut on the Kuriat Islands acts as an awareness hub, attracting thousands annually, highlighting the ocean’s multifaceted value and reinforcing the imperative to preserve marine biodiversity.
Despite the protective shield, MPAs themselves are not immune to the looming threats of human activities, including illegal fishing, habitat destruction, and accidental pollution. Artisanal fishing, enhanced catching capacities, coastal erosion, and climate change also act as potential sources of danger to MPAs, emphasizing the necessity for robust management and vigilance.
Addressing the vulnerability and richness of MPAs requires a cohesive approach, involving governments, NGOs, and local communities to counterbalance the potential risks. This involves strict regulations, environmental education, enhanced surveillance, and heightened public awareness to secure the future of these marine sanctuaries.
The journey to protect marine biodiversity and resources is paved with challenges but is essential for future generations. A consolidated global vision, transcending regional borders, is crucial to counter shared threats effectively and to exploit marine resources sustainably. Instances like the bacterium attack on Pinna Nobilis emphasize the urgent need for international cooperation to preserve the essence of the Mediterranean and the vast oceans beyond.
In the end, MPAs serve as a beacon of hope, reminding us of the richness our oceans hold. By protecting and promoting sustainable exploitation of this underwater wealth, we pave the way for a harmonious and prosperous coexistence with our marine ecosystems. The path ahead involves continuous efforts, global cooperation, and unwavering commitment to secure the future of our oceans and the countless species they harbor.

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Issue 100 - September 2023
Letter From The Editor: 100 Issues
Dear Readers,
It’s hard to believe we are already celebrating the 100th issue of SEVENSEAS Marine Conservation & Travel Magazine. When I embarked on this journey in 2015, the vision was simple yet ambitious: to create a platform that could unite current and future conservationists in the shared mission to protect our oceans. Now, eight years later, our message has reached corners of the globe we never could have imagined, thanks to you—our dedicated readership.
First and foremost, I want to extend our deepest gratitude to each and every one of you for your unwavering support. Whether you’ve been with us from the beginning or you’ve just discovered us, your readership keeps us buoyant in the often-stormy seas of nonprofit journalism. Your comments, your shares, and yes, even your criticisms, help us grow stronger and more effective in our mission.

Many of you know that SEVENSEAS Media is a labor of love, steered by a crew of just two. The journey has not been without its challenges. From facing the vicissitudes of funding to overcoming operational hurdles, keeping our vessel afloat has been a constant struggle. But the importance of what we aim to do— to elevate the cause of ocean conservation globally—has propelled us forward.
In addition to offering you quality content every month through this magazine, we’ve taken our mission beyond the digital realm. On the coasts of Thailand, our team has been involved in hands-on conservation efforts that include coral reef restoration through coral propagation and monthly beach cleanups. These initiatives are a testament to our commitment to make a tangible impact where it counts, both online and on the ground.

As we look forward to the next 100 issues, we invite you to join us more closely in our mission. If you find value in the work we’re doing, please consider making a donation to help sustain our efforts. Every contribution, however small, goes a long way in making a big difference.
Cheers to many more years and countless more achievements in marine conservation. Together, we can continue to chart a course towards healthier, more vibrant oceans for generations to come.
Happy swimming,
Giacomo Abrusci
Director, SEVENSEAS Media
Issue 100 - September 2023
SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – September 2023 – Issue 100

Feature Destination
Papahānaumokuākea: The World’s Largest Protected Marine Reserve, Safeguarding Diverse Ecosystems & Bird Habitats
The expansion of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands established the world’s largest protected marine reserve. It further protected the region’s interconnected ecosystems, comprised of deepwater and shallow habitats, coral reefs, low-lying atolls and islands. Read more…
At Home in the Monument: New Research Shows Koholā Widespread in Papahānaumokuākea
Whales are born to travel. As a migratory species, Hawaiʻi koholā (humpback whales) travel thousands of miles between Hawaiʻi and Alaska every year. Hawaiʻi humpbacks are born in late fall or winter in and around the shallow, warm waters of Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Read more…
Ocean Exploration Trust Explores Uncharted Area in Papahānaumokuākea Marine Monument with Ala ʻAumoana Kai Uli Expedition
On September 1, Ocean Exploration Trust and partners will set sail from Honolulu aboard E/V Nautilus for a 28-day-long expedition to explore unseen deep-sea habitats of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), focusing on the northwestern extent of the Monument, over 1,000 miles north of Honolulu. Read more…
Papahānaumokuākea Photo Series: A Living Heritage That Reminds Us of The Interconnectedness of All Life on Earth
In the depths of Papahānaumokuākea, we find the mysteries of the ocean, the wonders of evolution, and the importance of protecting our fragile ecosystems.
NEWSROOM
NY/NJ Harbor Estuary Designated as Hope Spot: A Remarkable Urban Revival Story of Environmental Recovery
We are delighted that our estuary, the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary, has been designated as the newest “Hope Spot” by Mission Blue. While most previous Hope Spots are pristine regions with special animals, ours is an urban estuary that was terribly degraded but is making a remarkable recovery. Read more…
Industry-Led Sustainability Collaboration Welcomes The Only Open-Ocean Finish Farm in The United States
Sea Pact is a pre-competitive collaboration of leading North American seafood companies with a mission to drive stewardship and continuous improvement of social, economic, and environmental responsibility throughout global seafood supply chains. Read more…
Global Salmon Farming Revolution: Uniting Communities for Ocean Freedom & Ecological Restoration

With the help of the Chileans, who have had the salmon industry in their waters for many years, and the invaluable support of international NGOs and activists, local organizations, civil society, community leaders, politicians and chefs from Argentina. Read more…
SSI Partners with Edges of Earth Expedition to Promote Ocean Conservation
Scuba Schools International (SSI), the world’s largest professional business-based training agency for scuba diving, is proud to announce its groundbreaking partnership with the Edges of Earth Expedition, an inspiring venture led by a female diving team. Read more…
Ecotourism: Avoiding Monkey Business by Kelly Fischbach
Eco-travelers are faced with an interesting conundrum– how to experience the wonders of the environment without spoiling them? Intrepid nature enthusiasts might seek animal-centric activities while exploring the globe, but are these opportunities also beneficial for the creatures? Find out more…
Scientists Discovered New Ecosystem Underneath Hydrothermal Vents
A new ecosystem has been discovered in volcanic caves beneath hydrothermal vents at a well-studied undersea volcano on the East Pacific Rise off Central America. The landmark 30-day expedition aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor (too) was led by Dr. Monika Bright. Read more…
SAWFISH NEWS: Join The 7ᵗʰ International Sawfish Day on October 17, 2023 to Save The Species
International Sawfish Day was established as a collaboration between the Sawfish Species Survival Plan of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria studbook program, the Sawfish Conservation Society, and research and conservation organizations around the world to highlight the endangered sawfish species. Read more…
United Arab Emirates to Host IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025
Gland, Switzerland – The next IUCN World Conservation Congress will be held from Thursday 9 to Wednesday 15 October 2025 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, following the IUCN Council’s selection of the United Arab Emirates as the host country. The selection is based on a rigorous evaluation process of the Emirates’ candidature. Read more…
Travelport & Adventureman Set a New World Record: Visiting the 7 Wonders of the World in Less than 7 Days
Travelport, a global technology company that powers travel bookings for hundreds of thousands of travel suppliers worldwide, and Jamie McDonald, a British adventurer better known as “Adventureman”, today announced a new world record – the fastest time to visit the new Seven Wonders of the World, achieved in less than seven days. Read more…
Regenerative Tourism with Mangrove Planting
Virgin Limited Edition is encouraging its guests visiting the British Virgin Islands (BVI) to make a lasting contribution by helping to replant critical mangroves during a stay on Necker Island. Known not only for being one of the most famed private islands in the world and Sir Richard Branson’s home. Read more…
MSU Forestry Professor Called Upon for Deforestation Expertise in Mayan Forest
To address deforestation and stimulate the production of non-timber forest products for communities within the Mayan Forest Zone, the second largest area of tropical forest in the Americas (which includes large areas of Belize, Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula), David MacFarlane is working with the forest — not against it. Read more…
Go Mo Go Travel Blog: The Tao Of Drift Diving
Life was a bit too much at this point. I mean, we’ve all been there; a break up, stress at work, a financial crisis. All these things left me in a state I was not used to. I’ve had bad stuff happen before but I was always so resilient. This time it was a lot harder to get out of this depressed state in which I found myself. Read more…
Chris Bertish Launched His New Book: ALL IN! The Atlantic Standup Paddle Crossing – 93 Days Alone at Sea
Chris Bertish, internationally acclaimed speaker, author, big wave surfer, Guinness SUP World Record holder and conservationist, announces the launch of his newest book, ALL IN! The Atlantic Standup Paddleboard Crossing – 93 Days Alone at Sea, featuring never-before-told tales of his record-breaking 4,050-mile transatlantic solo and unassisted journey from Morocco to northern Florida from December 2016 to March 2017. Read more…
The New Fish: The Truth about Farmed Salmon & The Consequences We Can No Longer Ignore
Eat more fish, the doctors say. But is the salmon you are consuming really healthy? In the early 1970s, a group of scientists researched how to make more food for the growing population of the world. They looked to the sea. They sampled genes from salmon in 41 Norwegian and Swedish rivers and designed a new salmon that was fatter and faster growing. Read more…
SEVENSEAS Beach Cleanup & Coral Restoration Events in Marine Protected Areas
In July 2023, SEVENSEAS Media conducted two impactful events in Krabi, Thailand. The Monthly Beach Cleanup Event at Ao Sew Beach saw enthusiastic volunteers remove a staggering 150.6 kilograms of trash, underscoring the pressing issue of marine pollution and the significance of sustainable practices like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The organization stressed the importance of proper waste management to protect coastal ecosystems.
Meanwhile, in the face of an unexpected storm, SEVENSEAS Media’s Coral Nursery & Restoration team demonstrated unwavering dedication, rescuing and relocating 75 corals to safer locations, bolstering their chances of survival and growth. The team outlined a comprehensive plan for continued coral recovery missions and data collection efforts throughout the year. The recent storm served as a stark reminder of the urgency to safeguard coral reefs from climate change impacts. We would like to express our gratitude for the support received from individuals and communities in this conservation community. We would not be able to do it without your support. You can make a tax-deductible donation here to keep our publications and Thailand Cleanup Project afloat.
You can either make a direct financial contribution to SEVENSEAS Media through The Ocean Foundation website or connect us with potential donors by sending an email to Giacomo Abrusci, our Editor-in-Chief.
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Signing up for the free Weekly Newsletter & Jobs List will get you a round-up of upcoming events, webinars, meetings, reports, funding opportunities, photos of the week, and recent postings to the jobs list.
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Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.
Our mission is to promote communication and build partnerships across the global marine community and to identify and address gaps in the community’s work. SEVENSEAS Media achieves this through multimedia promotion and partnerships. The community consists of a diverse and growing group of participants, including non-governmental organizations, government agencies, foundations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, fellowship programs, independent consultants, and academia/students.
If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here.
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