The principles enshrined in UNCLOS and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) should be applied so that stock rebuilding takes into consideration the livelihoods of small-scale fishers and coastal communities that depend on them. 

The International Pole & Line Foundation (IPNLF) is calling on members of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) to take urgent action, while working in the best interests of the region’s tuna resources and its coastal fisheries, when this regional fisheries management organisation convenes its Special Session in early March 2021 to discuss the rebuilding of the overfished Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna stock.

Covering 70 million square kilometres, the Indian Ocean is one of the world’s most economically important fishing areas, accounting for approximately 20% of the world’s production of tuna. As well as being an important source of tuna in consumer markets all over the world, these fish are a vital source of protein and income for many coastal communities in the region.

However, the long-term sustainability of these tuna stocks, particularly its yellowfin resource, are increasingly being called into question. Indian Ocean yellowfin has been classified as overfished since 2015 and has been the subject of a rebuilding plan since 2016. The effectiveness of this rebuilding plan, the details which are contained under IOTC Resolution 19/01, has been hampered by ineffective implementation, non-compliance with existing measures by several fishing nations, ineffective management of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs) that has led to further increases in juvenile yellowfin mortality and too many exemptions for fleets that should also contribute to reducing overall catch levels. The stock remains overfished and has thus far showed no signs of recovery.

Due to COVID-19 impacts, IOTC members agreed before the 24th Session of the IOTC Commission, which was held from 2 to 6 November 2020, to avoid complex and time-consuming matters that would be difficult to accommodate in the virtual format that replaced the usual in-person meetings. Unfortunately, this meant that no new Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs) were discussed or adopted despite the urgency to rebuild yellowfin stocks by implementing effective management measures.

IPNLF were among a group of IOTC members and NGOs urging the Commission to hold a Special Session in early 2021, as is allowed under its rules of procedure, to discuss the worrying state of Indian Ocean yellowfin and the urgent need for robust management measures to rebuild the stock. Such a Special Session has now been scheduled for 8 – 12 March 2021.

Recognising the difficulty in reaching agreement on how tuna stocks should be managed within the Indian Ocean region, even when not faced with the severe disruptions caused by the pandemic, IPNLF are urging IOTC members to consider potential solutions well in advance of the Special Session meeting in March, emphasising that any further delays in the implementation of management measures should not be an option. A further worsening of the stock situation will not only contradict the collaborative and inclusive approach that is enshrined under UNCLOS, but will also impact the coastal communities that rely on these resources for their livelihoods and food security the most.

The IOTC acknowledged the importance of applying the precautionary approach to the management of tropical tuna in the Indian Ocean with the adoption of Resolution 12/01 which states that: “States shall be more cautious when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate and that the absence of adequate scientific information shall not be used as a reason for postponing to take conservation and management measures”.

“The long-term viability of the region’s tuna fisheries is at risk. The consequences of Resolution 19/01 continuing to be ineffective will be felt most critically by small-scale tuna fisheries, especially those in developing coastal states that provide critical livelihood support to coastal communities. We all have a duty to ensure that effective management measures are adopted at the Special Session in March. IPNLF will continue to work with its partners in the region, at both government level and with civil society, as well as with our key partners in the marketplace to help achieve this”. 

Dr Shiham Adam, IPNLF’s Director of Science and the Maldives states

The widespread use of drifting-FADs by industrial purse-seine fishing vessels has been identified as a major contributor to the yellowfin overfishing problem. As tuna are attracted to the satellite-monitored rafts and netting, they offer a highly effective method of improving catch rates and reducing operating costs, although this comes at a high environmental cost. Several thousands of these artificial objects are deployed into the Indian Ocean every year. In addition to being associated with increased catches of juvenile tuna, these devices are linked to the bycatch of vulnerable non-target species such as sharks and turtles, while many are lost or abandoned and end up stranded on sensitive coastal habitats.
Ahead of the Special Session meeting, IPNLF has identified four crucial but achievable actions that could ensure the effective implementation of Resolution 19/01 and pave the way for the rebuilding of the region’s yellowfin stocks:

1. All IOTC members should urgently agree, at a minimum, to the total catch reduction of 20% for yellowfin tuna as is recommended by the IOTC’s Scientific Committee.
2. Amendments to Resolution 19/01 should strategically focus on key shortcomings of the interim measure, focusing on the already agreed catch reduction ratios by different fishing gears, and the relative contributions theses gears make to the overfished stock status of yellowfin, rather than coming up with new measures.
3. The most pragmatic way of achieving the required minimum total catch reduction of 20% is to simply double all of the currently agreed catch reductions by fishing gear as stated in 19/01, with exemptions applying only to artisanal fleets catching less than 2,000 tonnes per year.
4. Address the impacts on the overfished yellowfin stock by the large numbers of drifting-FADs deployed by the purse seine fleet in the Indian Ocean, by:
   • phasing out all supply vessels that assist purse seiners in the deployment and retrieval of FADs by the end of 2021
   • reduce the number of operational FADs assigned to any one purse seiner from 300 to 200
   • ensure full transparency in how FADs are assigned to purse seine vessels, tracked in near-real time, deployed and retrieved

FADs deployed by purse seiners are known to have serious impacts on ocean ecosystems, resulting in bycatches and entanglement mortalities of endangered, threatened, and protected (ETP) species, and making significant contributions to marine plastic pollution. Recently the legality of FAD operations has also received increasing scrutiny and in some cases, these deployments can be considered as IUU fishing. A perverse outcome of the yellowfin stock rebuilding measures has been an increase in fishing effort by industrial purse seiners on FADs while the stock was already overfished. We need to act urgently to address the negative impacts associated with FADs which, if ignored longer, will have further serious impacts on the livelihoods of coastal communities in the future”.

Roy Bealey, IPNLF’s Fisheries Director, further emphasised the urgent need to address the wider environmental impacts associated with drifting-FADs as well as the legal frameworks under which they are deployed

IPNLF have previously been instrumental in working with Indian Ocean delegations to push for the adoption of the world’s first harvest control rule (HCR) for skipjack tuna in 2016. This leading international charity won the international Seafood Champion award for advocacy in 2017 for leading significant reform of Indian Ocean tuna fisheries. The successful adoption of the skipjack HCR signified a pivotal point for fisheries management and seafood sustainability; it was the first time that a tuna management body had agreed on a proactive precautionary management system to avoid the over-exploitation of a tuna stock.

“The IOTC needs to regain the momentum it had four years ago when an HCR for skipjack was adopted. By ending overfishing of yellowfin tuna and establishing a framework of robust management measures, the IOTC can once again demonstrate that it takes its responsibilities seriously”, Dr. Adam continued.

IPNLF’s full Position Statement ahead of the IOTC Special Session on yellowfin stock rebuilding is available here.

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About IPNLF

The International Pole and Line Foundation (IPNLF) promotes the sustainable management of the world’s responsible pole-and-line, handline, and troll (collectively known as ‘one-by-one’) tuna fisheries while also recognising the importance of safeguarding the livelihoods they support. IPNLF’s work to develop, support, and promote one-by-one tuna fisheries is subsequently fully aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We believe effective and equitable global governance is essential to protect and restore the ocean, and this should be achieved by ensuring the participation of local and coastal communities in decision-making processes.

Environmental sustainability in tuna fisheries can only be fully achieved by also putting an end to the overfishing and destructive fishing practices that are driving the degradation of already threatened marine species, habitats, and ecosystems. Allied with its members, IPNLF demonstrates the value of one-by-one caught tuna to consumers, policymakers, and throughout the supply chain. IPNLF works across science, policy, and the seafood sector, using an evidence-based, solutions-focused approach with strategic guidance from our Board of Trustees and advice from our Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) and Market Advisory Group (MAG).

IPNLF was officially registered in the United Kingdom in 2012 (Charity 1145586), with branch offices in the UK, South Africa, Indonesia, The Netherlands, and the Maldives.

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