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Aquacultures & Fisheries

Global Salmon Farming Revolution: Uniting Communities for Ocean Freedom & Ecological Restoration

The Global Salmon Farming Resistance (GSFR) logo

WHO WE ARE

We are an action-driven global alliance of more than 60 NGOs, activists, scientists and individuals from 15 countries united with one same vision: Oceans free from open net-pen salmon farms and allowing depleted marine ecosystems to thrive once again.

OUR HISTORY

© Alvaro Vidal

Around the world, coastal communities have been raising a flag against open net- pen salmon farming for a very long time. The marine ecosystems where salmon feedlots have been operating are mostly gone, and with them, the livelihoods of coastal communities that relied on a healthy ocean as a way of life. 

Under the slogan “Global problem, local solutions” we realized that if we worked together, shared information, assets and experiences, our local campaigns would have a greater impact.  It was precisely as a result of a local campaign that the GSFR was born.

In 2018, the Norwegian government and the provincial government of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, signed the first agreement to install intensive salmon farms in the waters surrounding Peninsula Mitre in the Beagle Channel. 

With the help of the Chileans, who have had the salmon industry in their waters for many years, and the invaluable support of international NGOs and activists, local organizations, civil society, community leaders, politicians and chefs from Argentina joined together in a unique and activist campaign against the installation of open net pens in Tierra del Fuego.

After 3 years of campaigning, on July 31, 2021, the local government of Tierra del Fuego unanimously approved the law prohibiting intensive salmon farming in the Beagle Channel. Certainly, an unprecedented event in the world. It should be clarified that Tierra del Fuego is the only province in our country where, due to the geographical characteristics of its coasts, it is possible to install intensive farming farms. By prohibiting this activity in the provincial waters, a tacit limitation to intensive salmon farming in Argentina was created, a turn of events that the industry wasn’t expecting.

Inspired by the abolition of salmon farming in Argentina and by the work done by other activists around the world – such as Doug Tompkins, Yvon Chouinard, Alexandra Morton, Frederik Mowinckel, Cristina Mittermeier, Don Staniford and Corin Smith, among others – we realized the need for collaboration between different communities worldwide.  

The GSFR was funded in November 2021, an action driven alliance of NGOs, activists, scientists and individuals working to support local activism and policy change worldwide.

Salmon farming can be deceptive. Seen from the shore or surface, it looks pretty tidy. But when we look underneath, that’s when the mess shows up!

VISION and MISSION

We envision oceans free from open net-pen salmon farming and allowing depleted marine ecosystems to thrive once again. Our mission is to share actions and information that can bring a halt to the expansion of the salmon industry and the complete removal of open net-pen salmon farms from the ocean globally.

The concentration of organic waste that covers the ocean floor; the feed that is not consumed by the fish, along with their feces, has led to the loss of seabed biodiversity. With time, this can cause what is known as “dead zones”, areas on the ocean floor with little or no oxygen, where life cannot thrive.

OUR APPROACH

Our primary purpose is to facilitate a more organized global activist movement against open net-pen salmon farming. This will be accomplished in the following ways: 

  1. Fast grants for members: From the GSFR we facilitate fast grants for NGOs or individuals members for communication campaigns and activism plans with proven urgency or deadline.
  2. International outreach: As a strong network of NGOs and individuals with the same goal, each local campaign is supported by GSFR members to achieve global outreach and a stronger impact.
  3. Global awareness of salmon farming impacts: Coordination under the GSFR will ensure consistent messaging around the world to position and create global awareness of the impacts of salmon farming.

COMMUNITY ACHIEVEMENTS

We are an active community driven by the need to act for change. We are a community because we believe that for real change to take root and grow, working together is not only important, it is essential. Since the GSFR was founded we have supported our members in the following achievements:

  1. Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: In June 2021, thanks to the hard work of the local community of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina banned open net salmon farming . This made Argentina the first country to say no to the industry.
  2. Falkland Islands: In April 2022, in response to pressure from environmental NGOs, the Executive Council resolved that large-scale aquaculture, including salmon farming, will be banned in the Falkland Islands. 
  3. British Columbia, Canada: The federal government promised to get farms out of British Columbia waters by 2025. In June 2022, thanks to the collaboration among different countries, local leaders, organizations and individuals, the local government limited the renewal of salmon farm licenses to 2 years (licenses renewals were previously for 6 years at a time), a major step towards the federal government’s commitment.
  4. Washington State, USA: In October 2022, thanks to the combined efforts of activists, businesses, local and international organizations, chefs, fishing groups and scientists, Washington’s Commissioner of Public  Lands issued an executive order banning commercial net pen aquaculture in Washington state marine waters. 
Restores Map
This list was updated from July 2023.

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Aquacultures & Fisheries

Mussels: The Sustainable Seafood Superstar Making Waves in Aquaculture

The humble mussel, often overlooked in the seafood aisle, is quietly revolutionizing the aquaculture industry. Not only are mussels delicious and nutritious, but they are emerging as champions of sustainable seafood, offering a glimmer of hope for a healthier planet. Recent data paints a compelling picture of their positive impact, and forward-thinking companies are leading the charge in responsible mussel farming.

Mussels are filter feeders, meaning they naturally clean the water around them. This remarkable ability contributes to improved water quality and a healthier marine environment. Unlike other aquaculture forms, mussel farming requires no added feed, as they derive their nutrients from the surrounding water column. This eliminates the environmental concerns associated with feed production and potential pollution.

Furthermore, mussel farms create habitat for other marine species, acting as artificial reefs that enhance biodiversity. They provide shelter and breeding grounds, contributing to a thriving ecosystem. Studies have shown that mussel farms can increase the abundance and diversity of marine life in their vicinity.

But the sustainability story doesn’t end there. Mussel farming has a remarkably low carbon footprint compared to other protein sources. Their efficient growth and minimal input requirements make them a climate-friendly choice. As consumers become increasingly aware of the environmental impact of their food choices, mussels are gaining popularity as a sustainable and delicious alternative.

The global mussel market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for sustainable seafood. This surge in interest has spurred innovation in mussel farming techniques, with a focus on minimizing environmental impact and maximizing efficiency. Researchers are exploring new methods for culturing mussels, including integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, where mussels are grown alongside other species, creating a balanced and sustainable ecosystem.

However, not all mussel farming practices are created equal. It’s crucial to support producers who prioritize environmental responsibility and social accountability. Third-party certifications, like Friend of the Sea, play a vital role in ensuring that mussels are farmed sustainably.


Spotlight on Amegrove: A Leader in Sustainable Mussel Farming

One company leading the way in responsible mussel aquaculture is Amegrove. They have achieved Friend of the Sea certification, a testament to their unwavering commitment to sustainable practices.

Amegrove’s mussels have earned this prestigious certification due to several key factors:

  1. They maintain strict water quality parameters.
  2. Their farming methods minimize impact on seabed and surrounding habitats.
  3. They use responsibly sourced mussel seed.
  4. They uphold fair labor practices and contribute to the local economy.

These practices align perfectly with Friend of the Sea’s requirements for sustainable aquaculture, which include evaluating impacts on water quality, habitat preservation, responsible feed sourcing, and social responsibility.

“We are thrilled to award Friend of the Sea certification to Amegrove,” said Paolo Bray, Director of Friend of the Sea. “Their dedication to sustainable aquaculture is truly commendable. They serve as an excellent example for the industry, showcasing how high-quality seafood can be produced while respecting the environment and local communities.”

Esteban Fernandez Casal, presidente at Amegrove, added:
“This certification is a testament to our team’s hard work and dedication to sustainable practices. We believe that responsible aquaculture is essential for our oceans’ health and the seafood industry’s future. We are proud to partner with Friend of the Sea in promoting environmentally and socially responsible seafood choices.”

By choosing Friend of the Sea certified mussels from companies like Amegrove, consumers can support responsible aquaculture practices and contribute to a healthier planet. Mussels offer a delicious and sustainable seafood option, proving that we can enjoy the ocean’s bounty while protecting its delicate ecosystems.


About Friend of the Sea

www.friendofthesea.org

Friend of the Sea is a project of the World Sustainability Organization (WSO), offering international certification for sustainable seafood and aquaculture. Products certified meet strict environmental and social responsibility criteria, verified through independent audits.

Over 1,000 companies across 70+ countries are certified by Friend of the Sea. The program also covers services such as sustainable restaurants, seaweed, UV creams, whale watching operators, ornamental fish, and more. Friend of the Sea actively runs conservation campaigns to protect endangered species and habitats.


About Amegrove

Amegrove is a company dedicated to producing high-quality mussels through sustainable aquaculture practices. It is committed to minimizing environmental impact and contributing to the local community.

For more information, visit their official website: Amegrove

 

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Aquacultures & Fisheries

Breathe. Wheel. Flukes Up. Dive. Swim On, Whales!

April 24th was Massachusetts Right Whale Day. A vertical puff of water vapor split the air on that bright, calm day in Cape Cod Bay off Provincetown’s Wood End Lighthouse. The V-shaped blow is not visible because the whale is positioned broadside to us. Most baleen whales have narrower spouts. With no dorsal fin and a brief glimpse of broad flukes—the whale’s tail—confirms the presence of a right whale, approximately 50 feet long.

Right whale spout seen from afar with Wood End Lighthouse in the background on a clear blue day.

A right whale releases a vertical spout off Provincetown’s Wood End Lighthouse on Massachusetts Right Whale Day.

Right whales are so rare that whale-watching vessels must stay at least 500 yards, or 1,500 feet, away so as not to disturb them. Right whales are like icebergs in freshwater, with most of their bodies hidden underwater. We watched the magnificent mammals from a distance.

Two right whales worked the shore along Herring Cove. Herring gulls showed no interest in the whales as they followed the fishing boat, heading for the harbor with the morning’s catch. Right whales eat zooplankton, straining small animals that drift in the water column with six-foot-long cartilage plates hanging down from the roof of the whale’s mouth. Hairs on baleen form a fine mesh that traps zooplankton inside, where the whale’s tongue, the size of a BMW Smart car, swipes and swallows.

A pair of right whales swim in synchronization, turning and rolling onto their right side to elevate the left side of their flukes above the water. A third whale follows closely behind the twisting whales.

Today, the whales are likely eating shoals of Calanus copepods that are corralled between them and the steeply rising shore. We saw between 12 and 17 right whales from Race Point, with its lighthouse, to Long Point, which has a lighthouse at the tip of the sandy finger at the end of the raised arm known as Cape Cod.

Further offshore from Herring Cove, a slim, long whale with a sharply curved dorsal fin blows, wheels, and dives. With many decades of experience, the whale-watch boat captain maneuvers closer and stops the engine as a second sei whale surfaces. Reaching as much as 60 feet, sei whales are the third largest whale in the world, preceded by blue and fin whales. Sei is Norwegian for pollack fish, as they were often seen together. 

Sei whale dorsal fin just above surface in calm blue waters off the Cape.

A sei whale arches before diving — its slim frame and distinct dorsal fin barely breaking the surface.

The two dark, bluish-gray whales settle beneath the water beside the boat, the white of their undersides visible as they roll onto their sides. The roqual grooves along their pleated chin and cheeks distend. Still in the water, these whales let the plankton float into their mouths, or so we think, as we cannot see any plankton in the dark waters. They rose to breathe after a few minutes, which seemed to our astonishment like an eternity.

The first humpback whales of the season are found north of Race Point. Low in the water, they appear to be lounging about, perhaps taking it easy after a morning of feeding on sand lance. Last week, I found the pencil-thin fish on the Herring Cove beach, likely dropped by a gull. 

A humpback whale partially surfaced, showing blowholes and dorsal fins in blue open ocean.

A humpback whale lies below the surface with its blowholes and dorsal fin above the water.

A humpback whale lies below the surface with its blowholes and dorsal fin above the water. To the right, a second whale stirs the water that laps over its back. 

The boat floats by the two humpback whales. Looking through the water, we see the whale’s 15-foot-long white flipper.  The scientific name for humpback whales is Megaptera novaeangliae, meaning large-winged New Englander.

We are startled to see a second flipper looming white beneath the whale. A third whale is stealthily poised directly below the whale on the surface.  When we saw two whales on the surface, there were really four humpbacks, surfacing two by two.

Later, all four whales were on the surface nearly at once. One rolled on its side to reach an enormous flipper to the sky. The narrator assured us that the whale was not waving. Whales slap the water to communicate with more distant whales, but there were no slapping sounds today.     

The whales slowly drifted beneath our vessel, revealing their entire outlines from above. Here, the tail fluke can be seen while the head and flippers are on the other side of the boat. The whales moved beneath us, from left to right and then from right to left, four times!

Finally, a humpback whale lifted its tail before diving. The black and white pattern on the underside was recognized as belonging to the female humpback named Habanero for the appearance of a chili pepper mark. Habanero is well known to the Dolphin Fleet of whale watch vessels. Habanero was observed with a calf in September 2012.  A second humpback was identified as Candlestick. The other two humpbacks never showed their tails.

Tail fluke of a humpback whale above the water, with Cape Cod shoreline and water tower in background.

The black-and-white tail fluke of Habanero, a known female humpback, rises above the bay before she dives deep once more.

Returning to the harbor, the right whales continued to forage along the shoreline. These whales are called urban whales because they come near our urban shores more often than others. Right whales do not migrate, except for females that give birth off Savannah and Jacksonville. The newborns have little blubber and require warm water. However, these clear waters offer little food. Therefore, right whales travel to Cape Cod Bay for the abundant shoals of zooplankton. They may stay for six weeks before spreading out across the North Atlantic.

Lobstermen do not trap during April and May along Massachusetts’ sandy shores and boat traffic consists of smaller vessels alert to right whales. The greatest threat to right whale survival is the diminishing availability of food. Our pollutants have caused phytoplankton productivity to drop by 60% since 2000. Copepods now have less fat content, requiring whales to consume more to obtain the same nutritional value.  

What we are doing to the land is harmful. We have crossed a tipping point by removing vegetation and soil, which hard surfaces and urbanization have replaced. There are cascading negative consequences. Boston’s annual rainfall is a steady 46.4 inches a year, yet, destructive stormwater and combined sewer overflows are rising because we have removed the vegetation and the soil carbon sponge.

Water that once soaked into the ground now washes across heat islands. It warms up and transports heat to the ocean. The year 2023 was not an exceptionally hot summer for Boston but it was the wettest summer since 1955. This resulted in a record warming of the Gulf of Maine surface waters nearest to Boston. While 2021 was Boston’s hottest summer, the surface ocean water did not experience significant warming.

Nutrients spilled into the sea fuel harmful algal blooms and ocean dead zones.  The ten-fold increase in the use of the herbicide Roundup since 1996, when Monsanto developed crops resistant to glyphosate, is likely more than coincidental to the loss of phytoplankton.

The solution to the threat to the ocean ecosystems on which whales depend lies on land. Land should be granted the right to retain the rainwater that falls upon it. Developers should not be permitted to profit from their constructions while leaving the municipality responsible for managing increased stormwater, likely leaving people in the flood zone standing in CSO sewage. 

The dry land heats up worsening climate change when developers starve the land of water.  Property owners must instead slow water down, return it to the ground where plants may draw to photosynthesize during the dry season, where groundwater may recharge rivers, and with water in the ground to prevent forest fires. Let’s improve the whale’s marine ecosystem with no more pollution, stormwater damage, and ocean heating from the land.

Returning past Race Point, a right whale raised its head high out of the water. Gray baleen plates hung beneath a white, encrusted black upper lip. In doing so, I don’t know what advantage was gained by the whale. I took it as a smile, as my smile was no less broad.

Nearly fifty years ago, on April 15, 1976, I was on the first Dolphin Fleet whale watch. We saw right whales and a humpback whale that the boat captain’s son would later name Salt when he became the boat captain. Since then, Salt has birthed 12 calves and is the grandmother of seven more humpback whales. There were then estimated to be 350 right whales. Today’s estimate is 372 whales, not including the ten calves born last winter.

I was on the first commercial whale watch because two summers earlier, I was alone on the deck of a 27-foot sailboat, south of Seguin Light off the coast of Maine. A right whale surfaced next to the boat. I babbled, having never imagined that something alive could be the size of a sandbar. The whale left only a circular slick spot on the water for the rest of the crew to see.

We are fortunate to be in the company of whales, which grace our sandy shores for about six weeks in spring. The loss of vegetation and soil on our properties and in neighborhoods is harming the marine ecosystem on which right whales depend to break their winter fast. To ensure future generations can share the ocean with a burgeoning right whale population, we must increase the carbon sponge on our land and stop stormwater runoff.  

Breathe. Wheel. Flukes up. Dive. Swim on, whales! 


Rob Moir in Greenland

Dr. Rob Moir is a nationally recognized and award-winning environmentalist. He is the president and executive director of the Ocean River Institute, a nonprofit based in Cambridge, MA, that provides expertise, services, resources, and information not readily available on a localized level to support the efforts of environmental organizations. Please visit www.oceanriver.org for more information.


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Aquacultures & Fisheries

Entries of URI’s ‘Ocean View’ Youth Art Competition to be Displayed at Pawtucket Gallery

This article is written by Neil Nachbar.

Submissions will be on display at the Art League RI gallery from April 5-27; winning entries will be showcased at URI’s Graduate School of Oceanography thereafter

The winning entry in the grades 9 to 12 division in 2023 was “Ocean Sur Mon Coeur” by Chelsea Andrea De La Rosa of Providence.

KINGSTON, R.I. – About 300 Rhode Island students in grades kindergarten through 12th grade entered the third biennial “Ocean View” student art competition, organized by the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO).

All submissions will be displayed at the Art League RI gallery in Pawtucket, 80 Fountain Street, Suite 107A, from April 5-27. Three winners from each of the four age divisions will be announced at a ceremony at the gallery on Thursday, April 17 at 3 p.m. 

Students were required to submit a statement of no more than 100 words on the theme, “What does ‘The Ocean State’ mean to you?’” Their two-dimensional artwork was limited to 24 inches by 36 inches. Suggested art mediums included illustration, painting, mixed media and collage, and photography.

The judges were three professional artists: Janine Wong, Laurie Kaplowitz, and Ruth Clegg, who is also the president of the board of directors of Art League RI.

“Sea Monster at Sea,” by Bentley Riley of Providence, was awarded first place in the grades 6 to 8 division in 2023
“Jayvion’s Ocean Design,” by Jayvion Desjardin of Pawtucket, won first place in the kindergarten to second grade division in 2023. (URI Photos)
Lucienne D’Nitto of Wakefield captured first in the grades 3 to 5 division in 2023 for his “Below the Water’s Surface” entry.

Wong takes a multidisciplinary approach when creating abstract prints, weaving together elements of art, craft, design, and architecture. Kaplowitz uses the human figure to explore nature and existence. Her art has been exhibited in galleries in Boston, Los Angeles, New York, Dallas, Miami, and San Francisco. Clegg’s art, which includes photography, video, printmaking, painting, and collage, has been displayed at the Providence Art Club, Bristol Museum of Art, Mystic Museum of Art, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Care New England, and the Smithsonian Graphic Art Collection.

“Art League RI is pleased to host the ‘Ocean View’ art competition with the URI Graduate School of Oceanography,” said Clegg. “We’re happy to encourage children to recognize the value of the ocean through the process of creating these works of art.”

After April 27, the 12 award-winning pieces of art will be showcased at GSO’s Ocean Science & Exploration Center. The winners will be invited to GSO for a reception on a date to be determined, where they will be presented their awards. The art will be displayed for at least a year, where they may be viewed by the public, students, staff, and faculty.


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