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Issue 100 - September 2023

At Home in the Monument: New Research Shows Koholā Widespread in Papahānaumokuākea

By Sarah Marquis

New research raises an important question: does more than one population of humpback whales occupy the Hawaiian archipelago?

Humpback whale mother and calf. Photo: NOAA under Permit #18786-03

Whales are born to travel. As a migratory species, Hawaiʻi koholā (humpback whales) travel thousands of miles between Hawaiʻi and Alaska every year. Hawaiʻi humpbacks are born in late fall or winter in and around the shallow, warm waters of Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary They make the long trip to cooler Alaska waters to feed during summer months, and travel back to the sanctuary in late fall to breed and give birth.

But the whale-friendly Hawaiʻi archipelago extends beyond the inhabited Hawaiian Islands, and includes Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, a chain of islands and atolls more than a thousand miles to the northwest. There, banks and seamounts provide ideal whale habitat, and the monument is along the migratory path from Alaska. Could more koholā spend their winters there, as well?

The answer is yes, according to research recently published in “Frontiers in Marine Science” by NOAA and other scientists.

“Based on recordings of whale song, our research reveals that nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago is visited by humpback whales during the winter and early spring months,” says Marc Lammers, research ecologist, Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, the lead author of the paper. “We documented an abundance of koholā in Papahānaumokuākea.”

Finding Koholā

The remote atolls, banks, and seamounts of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument are difficult to access, with challenging conditions during winter months when koholā are present. On-site research during this time is difficult, if not impossible. Anecdotal sightings of whales have been rare.

Pearl and Hermes Atoll (Holoikauaua) in Papahānaumokuākea. Photo: NOAA

For years, it was commonly thought that humpback whales did not have a presence in the monument. Since 2006, researchers have used sound monitoring to track long-term trends in biological and human-influenced activities in Papahānaumokuākea. This is much safer and more economical than vessel-based monitoring, and involves putting stationary moored microphones in the water to record sounds such as whale song. In 2007, breeding and calving activity of humpback whales was documented for the first time within Papahānaumokuākea.

Remote Technology

In 2020, the Wave Glider, a remotely operated surface vehicle equipped with sound recorders, traveled 2,600 miles over 67 days, recording the presence of koholā throughout the monument. Scientists used this new tool in their quest to study humpback whales as part of NOAA and the U.S. Navy’s Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring Project (SanctSound).

On this expedition, Europa was deployed with traditional ti leaves as she was blessed before heading out to the monument. Photo: NOAA

The result: high and sustained seasonal chorusing levels of whale song measured off not only the inhabited Hawaiian Islands, but every location sampled in Papahānaumokuākea.

More Than One Population?

“Song occurrence patterns suggest that there may be more structure in the distribution of whales in Papahānaumokuākea than previously known,” says Lammers. “It raises questions about whether multiple populations occur across the archipelago.” 

In the monument, song prevalence was highest at Middle Bank and gradually decreased further to the northwest, reaching a minimum at Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu). However, song occurrence increased again at Raita Bank, remaining high between Raita Bank and the Northampton Seamounts.

Among the locations monitored with moored recorders, the highest and most sustained seasonal chorusing levels were measured off Maui followed by Lalo (French Frigate Shoals), Hawaiʻi Island, Middle Bank, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi, ‘Ōnūnui, ‘Ōnūiki (Gardner Pinnacles), and Manawai (Pearl and Hermes Reef), respectively. [Click on image for full size map] Image: NOAA

Was the lack of singing at Gardner Pinnacles just a gap in a single population’s distribution across the monument, or is it a “break” between the locations of two different populations of humpbacks?

Mystery of the Lost Breeding Ground

There are 14 distinct humpback whale population segments worldwide, and data has shown that humpbacks have very strong fidelity to migratory destinations. The portion of the population that breeds in Hawaiian waters is known as the Hawaiʻi distinct population segment. In 2016, it was deemed recovered and removed from the list of endangered species. Other population segments, however, are still listed as endangered.

One of those, the endangered western North Pacific humpbacks, have proven to be a mystery to scientists, since their breeding grounds have not been fully determined. Studies have suggested remote breeding locations such as the Northern Mariana Islands, far from their known feeding areas.

Koholā in Hawaiʻi. Photo: Jason Moore/NOAA under Permit #14682

“It’s been a mystery where the whales that feed in the summer in the Bering Sea and in the Aleutians off Alaska go in the winter to breed. Many just don’t seem to show up in the known wintering grounds,” says Lammers. “This area in the monument beyond Gardner Pinnacles might provide some clues.”

Management

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument is one of the largest marine protected areas in the world. It is co-managed by NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA Fisheries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the state of Hawaiʻi, and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. NOAA is considering designating marine portions of the monument as a national marine sanctuary under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act. Sanctuary designation would add a layer of protection to waters of the monument and not diminish existing protections.

The presence of koholā will be considered in monument management decisions, such as permitting, research, conservation, and outreach. Humpback whales across the archipelago link the monument with Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, administered by a partnership of NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and the state of Hawaiʻi through the Division of Aquatic Resources.

Research Needed

More research is needed in the far northwestern end of Papahānaumokuākea to identify the whales there and find out more about them. This requires physically visiting the remote areas of the monument where whale song was recorded, and conducting research including photo IDs, biopsy, and collection of other information.

This data could be important for management decision-making. It will help answer questions about Hawaiʻi koholā, their identity, habits, and patterns, and whether the monument is truly one of the lost breeding grounds of an endangered whale population.

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary researchers Dr. Marc Lammers, Eden Zang, and Ed Lyman deploy an acoustic mooring from R/V Koholā. Photo: Ed Lyman/NOAA

Sarah Marquis is West Coast/Pacific Islands media coordinator for NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.

This article is reposted from NOAA National Marine Sanctuary

Photo Banner by James Watt


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Feature Destination

Feature Destination: Tunisia’s Marine Protected Areas and Their Role in Conservation

Tunisia’s marine protected areas serve as significant sanctuaries for varied marine life and ecosystems, combating the adverse impacts of human activities and climate change. One such area is the impending marine protected area around the Kuriat Islands, which plays a crucial role as a primary nesting site for sea turtles in the Mediterranean, holding the potential to preserve varied species and bolster declining fish stocks. The Galite Archipelago, another noteworthy marine area in the process of receiving protected status, along with the Kneiss Islands and the Zembra and Zembretta Islands, signifies the extensive endeavors by Tunisia to conserve marine biodiversity. These islands are particularly critical for maintaining ecological balance, being habitats to diverse marine species and acting as refuge and feeding grounds, thus indirectly aiding in sustaining the local fisheries.

Tunisia’s marine protected regions are typically governed by management plans outlined in international conventions like those of Barcelona and Rio de Janeiro and are reflective of the guidelines proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The endeavors to protect these areas are marked by a collaboration between governmental bodies, local communities, and NGOs, establishing various measures such as stricter fishing regulations, environmental education initiatives, and enhanced surveillance to ensure the sustained well-being of these marine environments. However, despite the comprehensive protective measures, these areas are constantly threatened by illegal fishing practices, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, and other human-induced activities, emphasizing the need for continuous efforts and international cooperation to safeguard the fragile marine ecosystems and the rich biodiversity they host.

Ocean: A Habitat Under Siege

Oceans, with their delicate equilibrium, confront an array of threats. Overfishing stands as a paramount threat, stripping oceans of their biodiversity and disrupting marine food chains. Alarming statistics reveal over 55% of the ocean’s surface is undergoing intensive resource exploitation, affecting fish stocks and potentially leading to marine ecosystem collapse.

Mehdi Aissi, leading the marine program at WWF Tunisia, depicts a grim image of a 60% decline in marine stocks since the 1990s due to irresponsible fishing and extraction practices, notably during breeding seasons.

Bottom trawling, another severe danger, wreaks havoc in marine ecosystems, impacting carbon stocks and leading to the decimation of coastal habitats like Posidonia meadows and coral reefs. Moreover, our activities introduce pollutants that are detrimental to marine life, which when combined with climate change, tip the balance of marine areas, raising substantial concerns about the future of marine biodiversity.

Defending Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):

Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) serve as sanctuaries to shield marine ecosystems against burgeoning threats, ensuring a sustainable future. MPAs, established with stringent governance structures, are categorized into strictly closed, temporarily closed or regulated, and open MPAs, each reflecting diverse conservation policies and contributing to the preservation of marine wealth.

In Tunisia, under the spotlight of MedPAN, numerous sites are ascending the ladder to achieve MPA status, including the Kuriat Islands and the Galite Archipelago. Here, comprehensive management plans are in place, with areas awaiting formal recognition. Tunisia, post-2014, has embraced a meticulous creation process involving extensive public consultation, emphasizing the importance of sustainable management in marine areas.

MPAs play a pivotal role in conserving endangered species like sea turtles, whose habitats are jeopardized by human activities, such as tourism and the subsequent pollution in the form of artificial lights and plastics. Remarkably, through responsible management, turtle nests have experienced a notable increase, showcasing the recuperative power of MPAs.

Collective Conservation Efforts:

Notre Grand Bleu association in Monastir is a testament to the sustainable practices undertaken within MPAs, monitoring sea turtles and emphasizing ecological conservation. Their hut on the Kuriat Islands acts as an awareness hub, attracting thousands annually, highlighting the ocean’s multifaceted value and reinforcing the imperative to preserve marine biodiversity.

Despite the protective shield, MPAs themselves are not immune to the looming threats of human activities, including illegal fishing, habitat destruction, and accidental pollution. Artisanal fishing, enhanced catching capacities, coastal erosion, and climate change also act as potential sources of danger to MPAs, emphasizing the necessity for robust management and vigilance.

Addressing the vulnerability and richness of MPAs requires a cohesive approach, involving governments, NGOs, and local communities to counterbalance the potential risks. This involves strict regulations, environmental education, enhanced surveillance, and heightened public awareness to secure the future of these marine sanctuaries.

The journey to protect marine biodiversity and resources is paved with challenges but is essential for future generations. A consolidated global vision, transcending regional borders, is crucial to counter shared threats effectively and to exploit marine resources sustainably. Instances like the bacterium attack on Pinna Nobilis emphasize the urgent need for international cooperation to preserve the essence of the Mediterranean and the vast oceans beyond.

In the end, MPAs serve as a beacon of hope, reminding us of the richness our oceans hold. By protecting and promoting sustainable exploitation of this underwater wealth, we pave the way for a harmonious and prosperous coexistence with our marine ecosystems. The path ahead involves continuous efforts, global cooperation, and unwavering commitment to secure the future of our oceans and the countless species they harbor.


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Issue 100 - September 2023

Letter From The Editor: 100 Issues

Dear Readers,

It’s hard to believe we are already celebrating the 100th issue of SEVENSEAS Marine Conservation & Travel Magazine. When I embarked on this journey in 2015, the vision was simple yet ambitious: to create a platform that could unite current and future conservationists in the shared mission to protect our oceans. Now, eight years later, our message has reached corners of the globe we never could have imagined, thanks to you—our dedicated readership.

First and foremost, I want to extend our deepest gratitude to each and every one of you for your unwavering support. Whether you’ve been with us from the beginning or you’ve just discovered us, your readership keeps us buoyant in the often-stormy seas of nonprofit journalism. Your comments, your shares, and yes, even your criticisms, help us grow stronger and more effective in our mission.

Photo by Karim Iliya

Many of you know that SEVENSEAS Media is a labor of love, steered by a crew of just two. The journey has not been without its challenges. From facing the vicissitudes of funding to overcoming operational hurdles, keeping our vessel afloat has been a constant struggle. But the importance of what we aim to do— to elevate the cause of ocean conservation globally—has propelled us forward.

In addition to offering you quality content every month through this magazine, we’ve taken our mission beyond the digital realm. On the coasts of Thailand, our team has been involved in hands-on conservation efforts that include coral reef restoration through coral propagation and monthly beach cleanups. These initiatives are a testament to our commitment to make a tangible impact where it counts, both online and on the ground.

As we look forward to the next 100 issues, we invite you to join us more closely in our mission. If you find value in the work we’re doing, please consider making a donation to help sustain our efforts. Every contribution, however small, goes a long way in making a big difference.

Cheers to many more years and countless more achievements in marine conservation. Together, we can continue to chart a course towards healthier, more vibrant oceans for generations to come.

Happy swimming,

Giacomo Abrusci
Director, SEVENSEAS Media


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Issue 100 - September 2023

SEVENSEAS Travel Magazine – September 2023 – Issue 100


Feature Destination

Papahānaumokuākea: The World’s Largest Protected Marine Reserve, Safeguarding Diverse Ecosystems & Bird Habitats

The expansion of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands established the world’s largest protected marine reserve. It further protected the region’s interconnected ecosystems, comprised of deepwater and shallow habitats, coral reefs, low-lying atolls and islands. Read more…

At Home in the Monument: New Research Shows Koholā Widespread in Papahānaumokuākea

Whales are born to travel. As a migratory species, Hawaiʻi koholā (humpback whales) travel thousands of miles between Hawaiʻi and Alaska every year. Hawaiʻi humpbacks are born in late fall or winter in and around the shallow, warm waters of Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Read more…

Ocean Exploration Trust Explores Uncharted Area in Papahānaumokuākea Marine Monument with Ala ʻAumoana Kai Uli Expedition

On September 1, Ocean Exploration Trust and partners will set sail from Honolulu aboard E/V Nautilus for a 28-day-long expedition to explore unseen deep-sea habitats of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), focusing on the northwestern extent of the Monument, over 1,000 miles north of Honolulu. Read more…

Papahānaumokuākea Photo Series: A Living Heritage That Reminds Us of The Interconnectedness of All Life on Earth

In the depths of Papahānaumokuākea, we find the mysteries of the ocean, the wonders of evolution, and the importance of protecting our fragile ecosystems.


NEWSROOM

NY/NJ Harbor Estuary Designated as Hope Spot: A Remarkable Urban Revival Story of Environmental Recovery

We are delighted that our estuary, the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary, has been designated as the newest “Hope Spot” by Mission Blue. While most previous Hope Spots are pristine regions with special animals, ours is an urban estuary that was terribly degraded but is making a remarkable recovery. Read more…

Industry-Led Sustainability Collaboration Welcomes The Only Open-Ocean Finish Farm in The United States

Sea Pact is a pre-competitive collaboration of leading North American seafood companies with a mission to drive stewardship and continuous improvement of social, economic, and environmental responsibility throughout global seafood supply chains. Read more…

Global Salmon Farming Revolution: Uniting Communities for Ocean Freedom & Ecological Restoration

With the help of the Chileans, who have had the salmon industry in their waters for many years, and the invaluable support of international NGOs and activists, local organizations, civil society, community leaders, politicians and chefs from Argentina. Read more…

SSI Partners with Edges of Earth Expedition to Promote Ocean Conservation

Scuba Schools International (SSI), the world’s largest professional business-based training agency for scuba diving, is proud to announce its groundbreaking partnership with the Edges of Earth Expedition, an inspiring venture led by a female diving team. Read more…

Ecotourism: Avoiding Monkey Business by Kelly Fischbach

Eco-travelers are faced with an interesting conundrum– how to experience the wonders of the environment without spoiling them? Intrepid nature enthusiasts might seek animal-centric activities while exploring the globe, but are these opportunities also beneficial for the creatures? Find out more…

Scientists Discovered New Ecosystem Underneath Hydrothermal Vents

A new ecosystem has been discovered in volcanic caves beneath hydrothermal vents at a well-studied undersea volcano on the East Pacific Rise off Central America. The landmark 30-day expedition aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor (too) was led by Dr. Monika Bright. Read more…

SAWFISH NEWS: Join The 7ᵗʰ International Sawfish Day on  October 17, 2023 to Save The Species

a photo of sawfish in the sea

International Sawfish Day was established as a collaboration between the Sawfish Species Survival Plan of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria studbook program, the Sawfish Conservation Society, and research and conservation organizations around the world to highlight the endangered sawfish species. Read more…

United Arab Emirates to Host IUCN World Conservation Congress 2025

Gland, Switzerland – The next IUCN World Conservation Congress will be held from Thursday 9 to Wednesday 15 October 2025 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, following the IUCN Council’s selection of the United Arab Emirates as the host country. The selection is based on a rigorous evaluation process of the Emirates’ candidature. Read more…

Travelport & Adventureman Set a New World Record: Visiting the 7 Wonders of the World in Less than 7 Days

Travelport, a global technology company that powers travel bookings for hundreds of thousands of travel suppliers worldwide, and Jamie McDonald, a British adventurer better known as “Adventureman”, today announced a new world record – the fastest time to visit the new Seven Wonders of the World, achieved in less than seven days. Read more…

Regenerative Tourism with Mangrove Planting

Virgin Limited Edition is encouraging its guests visiting the British Virgin Islands (BVI) to make a lasting contribution by helping to replant critical mangroves during a stay on Necker Island. Known not only for being one of the most famed private islands in the world and Sir Richard Branson’s home. Read more…

MSU Forestry Professor Called Upon for Deforestation Expertise in Mayan Forest

To address deforestation and stimulate the production of non-timber forest products for communities within the Mayan Forest Zone, the second largest area of tropical forest in the Americas (which includes large areas of Belize, Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula), David MacFarlane is working with the forest — not against it. Read more…

Go Mo Go Travel Blog: The Tao Of Drift Diving

Life was a bit too much at this point. I mean, we’ve all been there; a break up, stress at work, a financial crisis. All these things left me in a state I was not used to. I’ve had bad stuff happen before but I was always so resilient. This time it was a lot harder to get out of this depressed state in which I found myself. Read more…

Chris Bertish Launched His New Book: ALL IN! The Atlantic Standup Paddle Crossing – 93 Days Alone at Sea

Chris Bertish, internationally acclaimed speaker, author, big wave surfer, Guinness SUP World Record holder and conservationist, announces the launch of his newest book, ALL IN! The Atlantic Standup Paddleboard Crossing – 93 Days Alone at Sea, featuring never-before-told tales of his record-breaking 4,050-mile transatlantic solo and unassisted journey from Morocco to northern Florida from December 2016 to March 2017. Read more…

The New Fish: The Truth about Farmed Salmon & The Consequences We Can No Longer Ignore

Eat more fish, the doctors say. But is the salmon you are consuming really healthy? In the early 1970s, a group of scientists researched how to make more food for the growing population of the world. They looked to the sea. They sampled genes from salmon in 41 Norwegian and Swedish rivers and designed a new salmon that was fatter and faster growing. Read more…


SEVENSEAS Beach Cleanup & Coral Restoration Events in Marine Protected Areas

Monthly Beach Cleanup Event from July 28, 2023

Clean Uo event for July 28, 2023

Coral Nursery & Restoration Activity Update: July 2023

In July 2023, SEVENSEAS Media conducted two impactful events in Krabi, Thailand. The Monthly Beach Cleanup Event at Ao Sew Beach saw enthusiastic volunteers remove a staggering 150.6 kilograms of trash, underscoring the pressing issue of marine pollution and the significance of sustainable practices like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The organization stressed the importance of proper waste management to protect coastal ecosystems.

Meanwhile, in the face of an unexpected storm, SEVENSEAS Media’s Coral Nursery & Restoration team demonstrated unwavering dedication, rescuing and relocating 75 corals to safer locations, bolstering their chances of survival and growth. The team outlined a comprehensive plan for continued coral recovery missions and data collection efforts throughout the year. The recent storm served as a stark reminder of the urgency to safeguard coral reefs from climate change impacts. We would like to express our gratitude for the support received from individuals and communities in this conservation community. We would not be able to do it without your support. You can make a tax-deductible donation here to keep our publications and Thailand Cleanup Project afloat.

You can either make a direct financial contribution to SEVENSEAS Media through The Ocean Foundation website or connect us with potential donors by sending an email to  Giacomo Abrusci, our Editor-in-Chief.


The FREE Weekly Conservation Post and Jobs List

Signing up for the free Weekly Newsletter & Jobs List will get you a round-up of upcoming events, webinars, meetings, reports, funding opportunities, photos of the week, and recent postings to the jobs list.

To sign up for our free subscription, please Click Here or email us Here

Since 2004, SEVENSEAS Media has fostered an informal and non-partisan platform to promote understanding of key issues and challenges while building partnerships across an increasingly diverse group of marine conservation professionals and students.

Our mission is to promote communication and build partnerships across the global marine community and to identify and address gaps in the community’s work. SEVENSEAS Media achieves this through multimedia promotion and partnerships. The community consists of a diverse and growing group of participants, including non-governmental organizations, government agencies, foundations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, fellowship programs, independent consultants, and academia/students.

If you are interested in contributing or getting involved, email us Here


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