Feature Destination
Another Bottle In The Wall
How ingenious use of plastic bottles is helping Tongan school children, humpback whales, small island communities and one fairly normal Aussie guy.
By Alice Forrest
If I summarize it in a sentence it sounds like a total cliché: man goes to small undeveloped island, helps community and schools through sustainable building, changes lives. But the real story is so much deeper, more astounding and more beautiful that it definitely deserves more than just one sentence.
Phil Smith, from Sydney´s northern beaches (Australia) has been running a business for the past seven years in the Kingdom of Tonga – famous for its pristine deep blue seas, whales, coral reefs and friendly locals. Phil has two boats and several Tongan staff and takes people out to swim with the visiting humpback whales. Recently he got hold of some land to start building a resort for his guests. He considered the design aesthetics, cost and availability of supplies in the small island nation. Here’s where the story gets interesting (even more interesting than swimming with whales): instead of shipping in building materials, Phil decided he wanted something different. He decided to get experimental, and use plastic bottles as his main basis for the design.
“Basically, in Vava’u the usual building materials are masonry blocks made on the island or timber imported or from a plantation on Eau, a Tongan island to the South. Both these materials have their merits, however they have limits re design capabilities. Plastic bottle bricks have many far superior qualities including the flexibility of design that I was after. I could not have imagined (from being a bit of a smart a…. in my choice of materials) how many positive impacts have been already created within Vava’u & it’s community.”, Phil Smith.
Putting his experience in the building industry to work, he calculated he would need at least 20,000 bottles to kick things off, and would need the help of the local community to make this happen. He also knew that paying for the bottles would motivate people to help, but put a unique spin on this – schools could choose what they need, and use the bottles as currency to help them buy it. Soon three local schools were filling bottles, in exchange for electricity (at one harbourside school, which had been powerless since a 2002 cyclone), a lawn mower (at a garden-proud primary school) and floor coverings (to make the concrete classrooms a lot more comfortable). Twice a week, Phil visits the schools to collect the solid filled bottles, as the kids line up singing and counting to load up the truck. Roanna, a whale swim client who helped out with collecting the bottles from schools and community groups observed “I got such precious insights into this incredible way of being. And how two such radically different cultures can work together…without the locals feeling belittled or overpowered…to create equally desired benefits on both sides”.
What are Eco Bricks?
An eco brick is basically a plastic bottle, used as a brick. This idea appears to have sprung up in many places around the world, as people found a more permanent and useful way to reuse the plastic bottle (an “impermanent”, single use item). This usually involves stuffing the bottle with other plastic waste, or in Phil’s case with local gravel, to create a solid building material.
Collecting the bottles is done by local kids and schools, as well as by Phil and any willing volunteers.
He drives around the island, bumping along past fields of coconuts and dodging pigs and dogs, while volunteers stand on the truck bed, thumping the roof when bottles are spotted roadside. At the beginning this was easier – there are many, many illegal dumpsites in Tonga. Like most Pacific Island nations, their trash is not so efficiently ‘disappeared’ and whisked away like it is in first world countries. Instead, it’s usually burnt or just piled on the side of the road or in the mangroves. These trash piles are landmines of dirty nappies, but also treasure troves if you’re seeking plastic. Because like everywhere in the world, they have a serious problem with plastic – bottles, bags, cutlery, cups, straws – all these items we use for a few minutes, but are made of a material that can last forever.
How Phil´s house has made a difference so far.
This choice of building material has had a huge impact in a number of unexpected ways. Some of the positive changes for the schools, local community and environment include:
- Schools that were filling bottles have received electricity to several classrooms, a mower, and shiny new floor coverings.
- There has been a huge and visible difference in the amount of plastic bottles littering beaches, roadside and the mangroves.
- So far Phil has collected over 35,000 bottles!
- Families are hanging out together to fill bottles and socialize, and using the money to benefit themselves and their children.
- By going round to the bars and restaurants to collect & smash glass (to use as aggregate in the concrete) Phil has unintentionally started Vava´u´s only current recycling program.
- This idea has inspired visiting NGOs and other businesses and organisations to start using the Eco Brick idea, or glass smashing, and reusing waste instead of land-filling it.
- There are so many random bits and pieces that have been cleaned up from the island to be used in the recycled resort and its construction, from telephone poles, to flour sacks to phone booths to liquor bottles…
- The building is providing work for locals, for example Massi (who works on Phil’s boat during whale season) goes to New Zealand to pick fruit for the rest of the year – sending the money back home to his wife and kids. This year he’ll be staying with Phil to help build, and having Christmas with the family.
How A Plastic Bottle House Helps Whales.
Eco Bricks are one of many solutions to the growing problem of what to do with all this plastic waste. Currently 8% of global oil is used to produce plastic, over 300 million tonnes globally, and growing every year. This plastic lasts forever, and can easily end up in the ocean where it is now a major threat to all wildlife – it’s been found inside coral, at the bottom of the deepest ocean and on even the most remote of beaches. Large pieces of plastic have been found inside dead whales (causing starvation or rupturing organs) and filter feeders like the humpback whales are sucking in tiny pieces of broken down plastics. It’s even coming back to get us, the humans who created it, as tiny microplastics (along with their pollutants) are entering our food chain through seafood, and even table salt. It’s estimated that people who eat seafood are ingesting around 11,000 microplastic pieces every year!
Plastic pollution is a concern for Phil, but also provides an opportunity – “of course I am worried about plastic pollution, as the majority of the informed are. Being a bit of a realist as well, I understand the huge versatility plastic provides in the modern world & understand it’s widespread uses. Yet since I have started my bottle project, I now am a lot more aware of my own uses of plastic & have cut down a lot. With passionate people…I’m sure the word will spread & thought patterns & habits of those you touch might change re their own plastic use. If my project can touch others in anyway regarding this, then that would be the best spin off of all”
Phil is not a greenie, hippie, environmentalist, activist, conservationist or tree hugger. Which is why this story is so much more powerful. He didn’t read an amazing article, or see a sad turtle photo, become inspired and start this project to clean up the ocean. Phil’s solution is just one person, doing what he can, in his environment and community. He’s managed to prevent 35,000 bottles so far from entering the ocean (or being burned and releasing toxins into the atmosphere and our air). I understand that’s setting the bar pretty high, but the good news is that even by taking your own bag to the supermarket, you personally can prevent 22,000 plastic bags from being used over your lifetime. And that’s just shopping bags. While getting a reusable drink bottle may reduce some of Phil’s building material, it will benefit the humpback whales and our planet, as thousands of single use water bottles remain unsold. We vote with our dollar, and not purchasing plastic will begin to alter the market and positively impact our world. Every action has an impact; it’s up to you to decide what you want that impact to be.
She is happiest when interacting with wildlife, and passionate about protecting what she loves. Alongside degrees in Conservation and Marine Biology, Alice is a PADI Divemaster and SSI Freediver (powered by plants) and has worked extensively in the marine tourism industry sharing her love of the ocean with others, winning several conservation awards for her work. Alice has spent much of the last few years in Tonga, enjoying time with the humpback whales alongside working on projects researching the impacts of plastic on our oceans, and helping communities to implement local solutions.

Through her lifestyle, writing and public outreach she hopes to inspire a greater appreciation for the planet and its last wild places. She is currently running a street dog project in Tonga as well as writing for various print and online publications, communicating the science and the solutions to help protect our ocean.
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Feature Destination
Feature Destination: A Conservationist’s Reflection on Family, Biodiversity, and Restoration in Costa Rica
Costa Rica is one of the few countries I’ve returned to repeatedly over the last twenty or so years. Each visit has reinforced why this small Central American nation continues to hold a special place in my heart. As a conservationist, I’ve long admired its bold environmental policies, its ability to restore vast areas of degraded land, and the extraordinary biodiversity that thrives here. But what draws me back just as strongly is the feeling that Costa Rica gives you: the quiet assurance that another world is possible, one where people and nature can coexist with purpose and respect.
I had the chance to experience Costa Rica in a new way, traveling with three generations of my family. My husband, my sister and her family, and our aging parents all came together for what we knew would be a once-in-a-lifetime trip. My sister chose Costa Rica not only because of its beauty, but also because it felt manageable for a multigenerational vacation. It’s safe, accessible, and well set up for travelers of all ages. We also understood it would be expensive, but for the chance to travel together as a full family, the investment was worth it.
We started our journey in San José, where my husband and I stayed in a homestay with a Costa Rican grandmother. She greeted us with warmth, fed us incredible meals, and gave us our first taste, quite literally, of the hospitality this country is known for. From there, we headed to Quepos on the Pacific coast, where my sister had rented an Airbnb home. It was the perfect setup with a space for all of us to gather, cook, relax, and look out over a small deck that faced what appeared to be pure jungle. The view was mesmerizing. We later learned that only a few decades ago, the entire landscape had been logged and used for farmland or extraction. But thanks to Costa Rica’s climate and commitment to restoration, nature had returned with full force. You’d never know it had once been stripped bare.
Every morning, we gathered on that deck before sunrise with coffee in hand to watch the forest awaken. Birds darted through the trees: tanagers, flycatchers, motmots, flickering colors between the leaves. For a family of nature lovers, those quiet hours became some of the most meaningful and memorable moments of the entire trip.
Quepos gave us easy access to both the coast and the rainforest. We hiked in the nearby parks, explored waterfalls, we stumbled on eco-tours of chocolate-making, coffee farming, and sustainable agriculture. The excursions were varied and accessible. Canopy walks, guided nature trails, and small boat rides. Costa Rica’s dynamic geography from the mountains, coasts, volcanoes, and rainforests means you don’t have to travel far to experience completely different ecosystems.
Although my husband and I skipped diving this time to stay together as a family, we did take a longer boat ride to a more remote patch of primary forest. I believe we were on the edge of the Osa Peninsula or near Corcovado National Park, which is known as one of the most biologically intense places on Earth. The experience reminded me again how rare it is to be able to witness truly untouched rainforest.
Every meal we ate was exceptional. With such a strong agricultural foundation, the food was consistently fresh, flavorful, and locally grown. Pineapple, avocado, coffee, papaya, rice, and beans, all vibrant and prepared with pride. Costa Rica’s commitment to sustainable agriculture shows in the taste of what ends up on your plate.
Beyond the beauty and comfort, what continues to impress me most is Costa Rica’s national commitment to conservation. Despite being only about 51,000 square kilometers in size, Costa Rica is home to more than 500,000 species, about 5% of the world’s biodiversity, thanks to its location at the intersection of North and South America. The diversity includes iconic species like the resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii), jaguars (Panthera onca), and endangered sea turtles like the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), which nests on the Caribbean coast in places like Tortuguero National Park.
Costa Rica has not only preserved what it has, it has reversed damage from generations of less sustainable development. In the 1980s, deforestation was rampant, with forest cover reduced to about 21%. But thanks to a range of government policies, including the 1997 launch of the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) program, forest cover has increased to over 50% as of the 2010s, and as of 2022 forests covered approximately 60.1% of the country’s land area, according to the World Bank. The PES program rewards landowners for keeping forests intact, recognizing the economic value of ecosystem services such as carbon capture, water filtration, and biodiversity protection. Much of this work is administered through MINAE (the Ministry of Environment and Energy), and its subsidiary agencies like SINAC, FONAFIFO, and CONAGEBIO.
The country has also turned its attention toward marine conservation, with over 30% of its territorial waters now designated as marine protected areas (MPAs). These include coral reefs, mangroves, and marine corridors vital for species like sharks, whales, and sea turtles. Organizations like the MarViva Foundation have been instrumental in managing these MPAs, particularly around the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
Folks from Costa Rica, also called Ticos, have the reputation of being affectionately warm, proud, and deeply connected to the land. You quickly learn the phrase “Pura Vida” is more than a slogan. It’s a mindset, an expression of gratitude, resilience, and appreciation for life’s simple gifts. It’s said as a greeting, a farewell, a thank-you, and always with a smile.
Traveling here, you’ll find that Costa Rica is not only logistically easy, but emotionally and intellectually enriching. Whether you’re a solo traveler, a couple, or a multigenerational family like us, there’s something for everyone. The country is incredibly welcoming to people of all backgrounds, and it’s one of the safest places in Central America to visit.
If you’re planning a trip, the best advice is to decide what kind of experience you’re looking for. Do you want to immerse yourself in the jungle? Lounge on the beach? Explore volcanoes? Stay in a city and do day trips? Or do a bit of everything? There’s no single way to “do” Costa Rica. You can rent a car or rely on shuttle services. Stay in a city hotel, a remote eco-lodge, or a beachside Airbnb. It’s all possible.
Here are a few key regions to consider:
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Central Valley (San José and surroundings): Cultural sites, museums, and access to volcanoes and cloud forests.
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Pacific Coast (including Quepos and Manuel Antonio): National parks, beaches, and adventure tourism.
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Caribbean Coast (like Puerto Viejo and Tortuguero): Afro-Caribbean culture, nesting turtles, and rich biodiversity.
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Northern Plains (Arenal and La Fortuna): Hot springs, waterfalls, and volcanoes.
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Southern Zone (Osa Peninsula and Corcovado): Pristine rainforest, rare species, and incredible biodiversity.
VisitCostaRica.com is the official tourism website and a helpful starting point for researching regions, accommodations, and activities.
For us, this trip was a chance to reconnect, not just with each other, but with the natural world. Costa Rica has a way of doing that. When you’re surrounded by howler monkeys at dawn, or listening to rain fall onto leaves the size of couch cushions, or catching a glimpse of a toucan in flight, you remember what it feels like to be part of something ancient and alive.
And in a world where conservation so often feels like a losing battle, Costa Rica shows what can be achieved when a nation decides to prioritize nature, not just in words, but through action.
Feature Destination
Feature Destination: The Most Awe-Inspiring National Parks in Latin America
Feature Destination
Feature Destination – Journeys With Purpose: Restoring Island-Ocean Ecosystems in Palau
Visiting Palau has been one of the most remarkable and affirming experiences of my life. Spending hours in the ocean observing turtles, sharks, rays and a host of other marine species, including cuttlefish changing colour and form to their immediate environment, has proven to be one of the greatest joys and wonders in the world.
I grew up watching and entranced by the TV series ‘The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau’. Such was the impression Cousteau’s series made on me, as a very young child my first pet was called ‘Calypso’, after his fabled research vessel. My experiences in Palau brought back these vivid memories directly. With a particular snorkelling experience on this journey, a fellow traveller commented that this must be “the day you fell in love with sharks” – and it truly was.

Throughout the course of the last 12+ months, Journeys With Purpose has worked alongside the world-class organisations of Island Conservation and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in association with Re:wild, on a ‘Restoring Island-Ocean Ecosystems’ journey to champion and support the Island-Ocean Connection Challenge (IOCC).
The IOCC aims to restore at least 40 globally significant island-ocean ecosystems from ridge to reef by 2030 to benefit people, wildlife and our planet. This goal is delivering tangible action and successes, and signifying more widely the essential connection between island health and ocean health. Holistically restoring islands delivers outsized benefits for wildlife, oceans, people and climate impacts.
Key IOCC messages:
- Healthy oceans need healthy islands
- island and marine ecosystem elements cycle into one another, sharing nutrients vital to the plants and animals within them. Invasive species damage these fragile ecosystems and work to remove these in order to restore balance and endemic species such as the Megapode bird is vital.
- Everything is connected – Indigenous Peoples and local communities know this
- Indigenous Peoples and local communities have long understood and managed their natural resources in the context of island-to-sea connections. As Wayne Andrew, Micronesia Director of OneReef says “Community is not people alone. Community is a place, the reef. The respect of all that is so important”. This is rooted in their traditional knowledge and wisdom, including ancient oral stories such as the “Megapode Bird and Hawksbill Turtle”. It is essential to support local leadership and communities in the decisions they wish to make to protect these vital ecosystems.
- Collaboration is essential
- taking a collective approach to sustainable science and the importance of collaboration with local communities to achieve more holistic results.
- Emerging Science and Impact Monitoring
- global scalability of work informed by science. Emerging research shows people, wildlife and marine environments benefit when island-ocean connections are restored.
- Islands are on the frontline of environmental crises
- a staggering 41% of critically threatened species are found on islands
- 27% of all languages come from island communities
- surrounding coral reefs are home to 25% of all marine life

We travelled with leadership from Palau’s local communities, Island Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and supporters of these organisations. The collective experience of our time with these communities, and snorkelling and diving, was quite remarkable – a true spirit of togetherness and bonding developed that we will treasure for the rest of our lives. And importantly to take forward into action.
My key takeaways are thus:
- People make Places
- this is never more true than in Palau. There are approximately 20,000 local inhabitants on Palau’s islands, and they demonstrate an incredible bond, cohesiveness and strength together. This is brilliantly encapsulated by the local Hatohobei community, who rejected sizeable bribes to thwart a significant illegal fishing operation – “… we’re doing it for our people, for the future generations.”
- Impact at Scale
- the Palau National Marine Sanctuary (PNMS), effective 1 January 2020 with support from the Palauan government and several NGOs, is one of the largest marine protected areas (MPA) in the world. It was the first MPA of its kind, protecting 80% of a country’s national waters in a fully protected no-take zone.
- the PNMS protects a vast array of marine life and unique geological features within its over 475,000 km2, an area larger than Germany, Japan, Iraq, Sweden, etc. Eight hundred marine vertebrate species call the PNMS home, including nearly 30 different marine mammals and 60 shark and ray species, though these numbers are likely underestimated, as the biodiversity of the PNMS remains understudied.
- all achieved with the spirit of just 20,000 Palauans.
- Be Brave
- as above, the Palauans have been incredibly brave in their approach with their communities, natural environment and ambition. Very sadly, this is not the norm around the world, but is, however, a lesson for us all – trust our hearts and do the right thing to help deliver today a viable future. We must turn the currency of hope into the currency of action.

I have observed these three takeaways in the great conservation and rewilding endeavours around the world. It can be done. I urge us all, in the strongest possible manner, to support the work of the people of Palau, Island Conservation and Scripps Institution of Oceanography – brilliant people, doing brilliant work, in brilliant places. My eternal gratitude to our partners and supporters on this journey, and in particular to the exceptional dedication, hospitality and warmth of our local Palauan partners at Island Conservation Palau, Ebiil Society, OneReef, Koror State DCLE (Department of Conservation and Law Enforcement), Ngarchelong State Rangers and many others. Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island nation in the Micronesia region of Oceania in the western Pacific, comprising an archipelago of over 350 islands. Little known to many of us, it is one of the most remarkable ecosystems and communities on Earth. Please connect here – connect@journeyswithpurpose.org – to understand how you can contribute, and visit Palau.
GET IN TOUCH TO START YOUR JOURNEY
A tribute to the people of Palau:- in memoriam to Prince LeeBoo of Palau, 1763 to 1784.
With the consent of his father King Ibedul of Koror, Prince LeeBoo departed Palau with Captain Henry Wilson and the crew of the Antelope to London, England on 12 November 1783. Whilst in London, Prince LeeBoo became Palau’s de facto ambassador of goodwill to England, and a scholar. However, LeeBoo’s plan of returning to Palau to spread knowledge and scientific discoveries to his people ended abruptly when the young prince succumbed to smallpox in the winter of 1784. The remains of Prince LeeBoo and his plans lay buried today in the courtyard of St. Mary’s church in Rotherhithe, London, England.
Despite the dilapidation of time, the spirit of Prince LeeBoo continues to live in the hearts of the people of Palau – their immense strength of community, positive impact and fortitude. His story, and purpose in life, remains widely told amongst the people of Palau today.
This article was retrived from Duncan’s Field Notes.
Journeys With Purpose offers immersive conservation and ethical travel experiences. Through private and hosted trips with pioneering conservationists, guests experience rewilding and restoring biodiversity in the wildest corners of the world. Our “Seven Worlds, One Planet” approach is a global curriculum focused on recovering and conserving vibrant landscapes, biodiversity, wildlife and livelihoods across all seven continents.
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